Week 5

Question 1

Infants are shown two patterns/objects to see which one they prefer looking at.
Habituation Preferential looking Violation of expectation ??

Answer 1

preferential

Question 2

Infants are presented with a stimulus until they show a decreased response.
Habituation Preferential looking Violation of expectation ??

Answer 2

habituation

Question 3

Infants are shown an event that should evoke surprise, as the event is unlikely to be true
Habituation Preferential looking Violation of expectation ??

Answer 3

violation of expectation

Question 4

A researcher presents an infant with two objects. To determine whether the infant is able to discriminate between the objects and
favors one over the other, the researcher measures the amount of time the infant spends looking at each object. Which experimental technique is this researcher using?
a. Contrast sensitivity technique
b. Visual acuity method
c. Preferential-looking technique
d. Active learning method

Answer 4

c

Question 5

The understanding that two objects are separate, even when they are
touching, is referred to as .
a. object segregation
b. object permanence
c. perceptual narrowing
d. perceptual constancy

Answer 5

a

Question 6

One-month-old Bella is shown a small cube that is close to her. Next she is shown a larger cube that is farther away from her. Because the two cubes are at different distances from Bella, they appear to be the same size. Bella’s actions indicate that she recognizes that the second cube is larger, signifying that she has
a. perceptual constancy
b. intermodal perception
c. perceptual narrowing
d. optical expansion

Answer 6

a

Question 7

An infant’s ability to follow the path of a moving object is a demonstration of .
a. visual acuity
b. object segregation
c. smooth pursuit eye movement
d. binocular disparity

Answer 7

c

Question 8

Which of the following is a possible explanation for why young infants tend to have more trouble with auditory localization than older infants and children do?
a. Young infants are not adept at perceiving patterns, particularly sound patterns.
b. Young infants do not yet understand that sound can come from a variety of sources.
c. Children’s ears do not fully develop until they are close to 1 year old.
d. Young infants have smaller heads, which makes it more difficult for them to perceive whether a sound is closer to one ear or the
other

Answer 8

d

Question 9

The tendency of an infant to look longer at a smiling face that is paired with a happy voice is an indication of that infant’s
a. dishabituation
b. classical conditioning
c. intermodal perception
d. optical expansion

Answer 9

c

Question 10

Five-week-old Johnny is touched on the cheek and promptly turns his head to the side that was touched. Johnny is displaying
.
a. intermodal perception
b. contrast sensitivity
c. the rooting reflex
d. the tonic neck reflex

Answer 10

c

Question 11

Jane is a 2-month-old infant. She wants to get her hands on the rattle that is lying next to her; however, all she can do is make very clumsy swiping movements in the general vicinity of the toy. Jane’s movements are known as .
a. self-locomotion
b. rooting reflex
c. optical expansion
d. pre-reaching motions

Answer 11

d

Question 12

Seven-month-old Trevor has learned that small round objects can be
rolled across a flat surface. Trevor’s discovery is an example of
which developmental learning process?
a. Affordances
b. Continuity
c. Differentiation
d. Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 12

a

Question 13

Five-month-old Kenji is lying in his crib. His mother hides out of
view, then pops out above him and yells, “Boo!” Kenji squeals with
delight, but after his mother repeats her actions a few times, his
excitement dissipates and his attention wanders to the mobile
hanging overhead. Kenji’s response is an example of
a. instrumental conditioning
b. differentiation
c. habituation
d. observational learning

Answer 13

c

Question 14

The violation-of-expectancy procedure provides evidence of what
basic assumption about infants’ understanding of their world?
a. Infants will repeat actions if they receive positive reinforcement
from those actions.
b. Infants’ imitative actions are limited to the actions of other
humans.
c. Infants will look longer at a seemingly impossible event than at a
possible event.
d. Infants’ attention will diminish after repeated exposure to the
same stimuli.

Answer 14

c

Question 15

Two-year-old Jayden attempts to put her foot inside of a toy car that
is clearly too small for her. She is making which type of error?
a. Violation-of-expectation error
b. Scale error
c. Grasp error
d. Intermodal error

Answer 15

b

Question 16

Researchers design an experiment in which 8- to 10-month-old infants are placed in a highchair with a string attached to one of
their arms. When they lift their arms, the string tips a small cup that spills cereal onto the table in front of them. A few weeks later, these
same infants are placed in a different chair but outfitted with a similar string and cup mechanism. The fact that these infants will
remember that lifting their arms will result in cereal being dispensed is an example of .
a. instrumental conditioning
b. social referencing
c. object permanence
d. intermodal perception

Answer 16

a

Question 17

How does the element of surprise aid in the process of active learning in infants?
a. Surprise instills fear, which prompts the child to seek out less risky situations.
b. Infants are more likely to search for explanations to unexpected events.
c. Parents can explain unexpected events to their children, thus helping them learn.
d. Infants are more likely to seek out situations that conform to their understanding.

Answer 17

b

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of perceptual narrowing?
a. Compared to older children and adults, infants are better able to
distinguish between different individual monkeys.
b. Infants display a preference for top-heavy, upright faces.
c. Older infants will more likely attempt to grasp an object in a realistic photograph than the same object displayed in a line
drawing.
d. As infants gain more experience, they become more adept at devising strategies for crawling down a steep slope.

Answer 18

a

Question 19

The belief that infants are born with some sense of fundamental oncepts, such as time, space, and number, is a basic component of
a. naïve psychology.
b. theory of mind.
c. nativism.
d. empiricism.

Answer 19

c

Question 20

Which of the following represents the most typical organization of
superordinate, subordinate, and basic category levels that young
children tend to form?
a. Animals/dogs/poodles
b. Objects/plants/animals
c. Parents/siblings/grandparents
d. Dogs/animals/poodles

Answer 20

d

Question 21

Which category level do children tend to form first?
a. Superordinate
b. Subordinate
c. Basic
d. Primary

Answer 21

c

Question 22

The proposed existence of a theory of mind module, which is the brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings, is
most closely associated with advocates of which position?
a. Empiricism
b. Existentialism
c. Essentialism
d. Nativism

Answer 22

d

Question 23

What is the significance of the false-belief problem?
a. It illustrates that very young children do not understand that other
people act on their own beliefs, even when those beliefs are false.
b. It presents evidence that young children do not fully understand
causal relationships.
c. It proves that there are certain false beliefs that an individual will
maintain from early childhood into adolescence.
d. It supports the view that the age at which a child can understand
other people’s intentions varies by culture.

Answer 23

a

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of sociodramatic play?
a. Ezra is making car noises while pushing a toy car.
b. Tanya is using her water bottle as a microphone.
c. Laila is pretending that she is in school and her friend Tosha is
the teacher.
d. LeDonna is flying a kite with her father.

Answer 24

c

Question 25

Ted believes that the reason his dog barks, wags her tail, and likes to go outside is because the dog has an inner “dogness.” Ted’s belief is an example of a. false belief. b. essentialism. c. nativism. d. perceptual categorization

Answer 25

b

Question 26

A mother magically produces a coin from behind her 6-year-old son’s ear. Which of the following scenarios describes the response of a typical 6-year-old? a. The son searches his mother’s hands, up her sleeves, and behind his ear to try to make sense of the event. b. The son does not react to this unusual event. c. The son does not find the trick funny and storms out of the room. d. The son realizes immediately that the mother has hidden the coin in her hand.

Answer 26

a

Question 27

Nativists and empiricists have intense debates about the development of spatial thinking, but on which of the following points do these two groups tend to agree? a. Infants show little to no understanding of spatial concepts. b. Self-movement does not appear to aid in the development of spatial learning. c. Children are unable to use geometric information in locating objects. d. The development of the hippocampus is related to improvements in spatial learning

Answer 27

d

Question 28

According to Piaget, children’s coding of locations of objects relative to their own bodies is referred to as representations. a. landmark b. allocentric spatial c. egocentric spatial d. directional

Answer 28

c

Question 29

In front of Sue are three balls, three teddy bears, three pencils, and three apples. Sue studies the groups of objects and realizes that they all share the property of “threeness.” Sue is demonstrating an understanding of what concept? a. Stable order b. Order irrelevance c. Numerical equality d. Abstraction

Answer 29

c

Question 30

Kamar is happily counting all of his holiday candy, reciting a number as he touches each piece: “One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine.” He holds up the final piece and states, “I have seven pieces of candy!” Kamar’s counting skills suggests he lacks an understanding of . a. stable order b. cardinality c. one–one correspondence d. abstraction

Answer 30

b

Question 31

Which of the following statements describes the counting principle of abstraction? a. Any set of discrete objects or events can be counted. b. Objects can be counted in any order. c. Each object must be labeled by a single number word. d. The numbers should always be recited in the same order.

Answer 31

a