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Anatomy > WEEK 1 > Flashcards

WEEK 1 Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The common point of reference for describing the relationship of different body regions and structures to one another.
- Standing up right, head is erect and eyes looking forward, upper limbs by sides and palms facing forwards, feet close together and toes pointing forward.

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2
Q

Sagital plane

A

Divides the body into right and left parts

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3
Q

Mid sagittal (median) plane

A

Right and left sides of the body are equal

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4
Q

Coronal (frontal) plane

A

Divides the body into front and back parts

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4
Q

Horizontal (transverse) plane

A

Dives the body into top and bottom parts

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5
Q

Oblique plane

A

Divides the body diagonally into parts

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6
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front

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7
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back

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8
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head/top

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9
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the feet/bottom

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10
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

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11
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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12
Q

Proximal

A

Towards the trunk

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13
Q

Distal

A

Away from the trunk

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14
Q

Superficial

A

Towards the surface of the body

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15
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

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16
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones of the central axis of the body.
- Skull
- Vertebral collum
- Thoracic cage

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17
Q

Appendicular skeleton + bones comprising it

A

Bones of the upper and lower limbs
- Girdles - attach the free limbs to the axial skeleton

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18
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Blood cell formation
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19
Q

Long bones + example

A

Longer then they are wide e.g. humerus, femur

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20
Q

Short bone + example

A

Roughly equal length and width e.g. Carpals

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21
Q

Flat bones + example

A

Thin, flattened bones e.g. sternum, ribs

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22
Q

Irregular bones + example

A

Complex, mixed shaped bones e.g. facial bones, vertebrae

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23
Q

Sesamoid bones + example

A

Small round bones that develop inside tendons e.g. patella

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24
Functions of bone marking
- Attachment sites - Articulation sites - Passageways for structures to pass through
25
Projections
An area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone
26
Depressions
A shallow depression on the bone surface
27
Trochanter
Large, round projection (only on femur)
28
Tuberosity
Rough projection
29
Tubercle
Small, round projection
30
Head
Round, smooth projection at the end of a long bone
31
Condyle
Round, smooth projection
32
Epicondyle
Raised projection on or above a condyle
33
Ramus
Branch like projection
34
Line
Low ridge - projection
35
Ridge
36
Spine
Pointed, slender projection
37
Process
Any bony prominance - projection
38
Fossa
Shallow depression in a bone
39
Groove/sulcus
Shallow furrow - sulcus is a deeper version of a groove
40
Fovea
Central divot - depression
41
Sinus
Space or cavity - depression
42
Canal/meatus
Tubular passageway through a bone - depression
43
Fissure
Narrow slit in a bone - depression
44
Foramen
Hole in a bone - depression
45
Facet
Small, flat, smooth surface - depression
46
Joint
A union between two or more parts of a skeleton
47
Fibrous Joint
Fibrous tissue uniting the bones Suture - Immovable Syndesmosis - Slightly movable
48
Cartilaginous joint
Cartilage joint uniting the bones Primary cartilaginous - Immovable Secondary cartilaginous - slightly movable
49
Synovial joint
Joint cavity between the bones, containing synovial fluid - All are freely movable
50
Hinge joint example - Uni axial
e.g. elbow joint
51
Pivot joint example - Uniaxial
e.g. atlantoaxial joint
52
Condyloid joint example - Biaxial
e.g. wrist joint
53
Saddle joint example - Biaxial
e.g. metacarpal joint
54
Plane joint example - multiaxial
e.g. Inter-tarsal bones
55
Ball and socket joint example - Multiaxial
e.g. hip joint
56
Ligaments
Bands of fibrous tissue that attach bone to bone
57
Ligament functions
- Act as mechanical constraints - Prevent unwanted movement - Limit excess movement
58
Articular discs
Pads of fibrocartilage that are situated between the articular surfaces of some synovial joints
59
Articular discs functions
- Seperate synovial cavities - Act as shock absorbers - Increase stability - Assist with lubercation
60
Bursae
Synovial fluid filled sacs around many synovial joints
61
Bursae functions
- Reduce friction between bones
62
Flexion
Angle between bones decreases
63
Extension
Angle between the bones increases
64
Lateral flexion
Lateral bending of the trunk
65
Abduction
Movement away from the midline
66
Adduction
Movement towards the midline
67
Medial rotation
Rotation towards the midline
68
Lateral rotation
Rotation away from the midline
69
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly
70
Supination
Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly
71
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inwards/medially
72
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot outwards/laterally
73
Plantar flexion
Movement of the sole of the foot towards the posterior surface of the leg
74
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the top of the foot towards the anterior surface of the leg
75
Elevation
Movement in a superior direction
76
Depression
Movement in an inferior direction
77
Skeletal muscle - muscle belly
Contractile portion
78
Attachment sites
Tendons attaching the muscle to bone - Origin - The fixed attachment - usually proximal - Insertion - movable attachment - usually distal
79
Connection tissue
Transfers tension generated by the muscle during contraction to the attachments
80
Parallel muscles
Fascicles arranged parallel to the long axis of the muscle
81
Oblique muscles
Fascicles arranged obliquely to the tendons that runs the entire length of the muscle
82
Circular muscles
Fascicles arranged concentrically around an opening
83
Fusiform
Spindle shaped e.g. biceps brachii
84
Strap
Narrow and strap like e.g. sartorius
85
Flat/quadrilateral
Short flat muscles e.g. quadratus femoris
86
Unipennate
Fascicles attach to one side of the tendon e.g. extensor digitorum
87
Bipennate
Fascicles attach to both side of the tendon e.g. rectus femoris
88
Multipennate
Multiple bipennate arrangements attaching to one common tendon e.g. deltoid
89
Concentric muscle contraction
Muscle overcomes an external force (e.g. gravity) to produce the movement
90
Eccentric muscle contraction
Muscle resists an external force (e.g.gravity) to control the movement
91
Isometric muscle contraction
Muscle resists an external force (e.g. gravity) to produce the movement - Tension in muscle but no change in length
92
Isotonic muscle contraction
constant muscle tension with a change in muscle length
93
Agonist
The muscle producing (or controlling) the desired movement by contracting 
94
Antagonist
The muscle that must relax to allow desired movement to occur - Usually the opposite muscle to the agonist
95
Synergist
A muscle that assists the agonist to produce the desired movement by cancelling out the unwanted actions of the agonist
96
Stabiliser/fixator
A muscle that stabilizers a joint so that the agonist can produce the desired movement

Anatomy (10 decks)

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