Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology 2 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the first line of defense in GI tract against pathogens?

A

Mucosa which contains antibodies against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ratio of GI immune cells vs Body

A

GI & Body immune cells have equal numbers showing how significant immunity for GI is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Histamine effect on GI

A

Stimulates Motility & Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Further GI defense lines

A

1) GALT (waldeyer’s ring)
2) Inflammatory mediators (cytokines/histamine)
3) Host microbe interactions (flora)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 Types of GI afferent neurons

A
  • Intrinsic afferent (to inter n.)
  • Visceral afferent (from organs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

GI sympathetic DIRECT innervation

A
  • Vasoconstriction (a1-R)
  • SM of GI (B2-R)
  • Sphincter constriction (a1-R)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GI sympathetic INDIRECT innervation

A

Decreased motility and secretion
(a2-R)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

G-cell

A

Gastrin
(Acid secretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

I-cell

A

Cholecyctokinin (CCK)
(pancreas secretion & gallbladder emptying)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

S-cell

A

Secretin
(pancreas & bile secretion)
Low pH in duo. stims this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

L-cell

A
  • Proglucagon
  • GLP-1/2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GIP-cell

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Oral glucose stims this
(inh. gastric emptying)
(K-cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

P/D1-cell

A

ghrelin
(hunger / food intake)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

D-cell

A

Somatostatin
(generally inhibitory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

F-cell

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

M-cell

A

Motilin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

EC-cell

A

Serotonin (enterochromaffin/EC cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ECL-cell

A

Histamine (enterochromaffin-like cell)
(motility & secretion stim.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hormones made in the GI but act somewhere else

A
  • CCK
  • Ghrelin
  • Gastrin
  • Secretin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hormones made somewhere else & act on GI

A
  • Aldosterone
  • PTH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What % of the body’s immune cells are in the GI-tract

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sympathetic regulation of GI

A
  • a1 causes contraction of SM sphincters
  • a2/B2 cause SM wall relaxation
  • a1 Vasoconstriction of splanchnic circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 GI control mechanisms

A
  • Neural
  • Paracrine
  • Endocrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What cells in GI secrete hormones

A

Enteroendocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What are the wave-like movements in GI
- Not APs - Originate from interstitial cells of Cajal
25
Where are Cajal cells found & their function
Myenteric / Submucosal Plexus Origin of the slow-wave movement of GI (GI-tract pacemaker)
26
Phases of Swallowing
1) Oral phase (voluntary) 2) Pharyngeal phase (in-v) 3) Esophageal phase (in-v)
27
Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)
- Striated muscle - Voluntary - Relaxed by Bolus detection
28
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
- Smooth Muscle - Involuntary - Vagovagal reflex - Relaxed by NO
29
Retropulsion
Pushback of Chyme from pylorus due to small opening and slow-waves of stomach
30
Movements in Small Intestine
- Segmentation (mixing) - Peristalsis (propulsion)
31
How long does it take for food to go from Pylorus to Ileocecal valve?
3 to 5 hours
32
What promotes / inhibits Peristalsis of small intestine?
+ : Gastrin, CCK, Insulin, Serotonin - : Secretin, Glucagon
33
How does Peristalsis in Small intestine start?
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells detect bolus in mucosa and release Serotonin = Activation of Peristalsis
34
What happens in Proximal colon
Anti-peristalsis
35
What induces opening of Ileocecal valve?
- Gastrin - Gastroileal reflex
36
Daily Salivary secretion
800 - 1500 mL / day (pH 7) (90% during meals)
37
Saliva composition
- H2O - Electrolytes - Salivary Amylase - Lingual Lipase - IgA - Lysozyme - Mucin
38
Salivary secretion Pathway
1) Intralobular Intercalated 2) Intralobular Striated 3) Interlobular ducts 4) Interlobular excretory d. 5) Main excretory d.
39
Parotid Gland is mostly...
Serous
40
Sublingual Gland is mostly...
Mucous
41
Submandibular Gland is mostly...
Its MIXED
42
Intrinsic Salivary Glands
- Buccal - Labial - Palatine (constant mucous secretion)
43
Parasympathetic Effect on Saliva Secretion
- VIP (vessels): Gs, Vasodilation - ACh (acini): M3-ACh-R (Gq), Ca2+ signal, Constriction & Exocytosis
44
Sympathetic Effect on Saliva Secretion
NE mediated - B2-AR, Mucin secretion, Viscous - a1-AR, Vasoconstriction, less secretion
45
Daily Gastric Secretion
1 - 1.5 L /day
46
What is essential for Vitamin B12 absorption
Intrinsic factor secreted in gastric juice (parietal cells)
47
Gastric Parietal Cells secrete
- HCl - Intrinsic factor
48
Gastric Chief Cells
Pepsinogen
49
Omeprazol
Inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase in Parietal cell acid secretion
50
What does prolonged vomiting cause?
Metabolic Alkalosis Stomach acidity needs to be replenished, so HCO3/Cl exchanger works more, pumping more HCO3 bicarbonate into the blood
51
Regulators of Parietal cells
- Gastrin from G-cells (main) - Histamine (paracrine) - ACh (neural)
52
What can activate G-cells?
- ACh - GRP (gastrin releasing peptide) - Wall tension - Alcohol - H.Pylori = ulcers - NE on B2-AR
53
What Inhibits G-cells?
- Somatostatin - Prostaglandins
54
ECL-cells effect on gastric acid
- Activated by PARA or Gastrin - Release Histamine which stimulates parietal cell secretion
55
Gastric acid secretion Cephalic phase
- Smell & Taste of food - Vagal N stim. GA secretion
56
Gastric acid secretion phases
- Cephalic phase - Gastric phase
57
Vagovagal Reflex
- Activated by presence of food in stomach - By wall-distension taken by vagal N efferents
58
Feedback reg. of GA secretion
When low pH is sensed in antrum & pylorus, somatostatin is released from D-cells
59
Basal G.acid output (BAO)
1.5 - 2.5 mmol H+/hour
60
Peak G.acid output (PAO)
- F: 25 mmol H+/hour - M: 35 mmol H+/hour
61
What stimulates Pepsinogen secretion?
- Gastrin (Gq) - ACh (M3) via ENS - Histamine (Gs) - Secretin
62
Daily secretion of Small intestine
1.5 - 2 L / day
63
What does Diarrhea cause?
Metabolic Acidosis Continuous fluid produced in small intestines which is high in HCO3, so it is lost from blood causing lower pH
64
PARA effects on Large intestine
VIP (Gs) stimulates cAMP signal, causes translocation of CFTR channels. = Effects of Cholera toxin making more watery diarrhea
65
Paracrine mediators of Large intestine
Local immune system activated by Serotonin production so Diarrhea happens to wash-out any harmful material
66
Pancreatic secretion percentages
- 98% exocrine to intestine - 2% endocrine to blood
67
Daily Pancreas secretion
700 - 900 ml / Day
68
Fat-Soluble vitamins
ADEK
69
Daily Bile production
200 - 1200 ml / Day
70
What makes Bile acids more water soluble
Conjugation with: - Glycine - Taurine
71
2 Pathways for entry of solutes into Bile
- Active Secretion (trans.c) - Passive permeation (para.c)
72
Bile acid-dependent flow
- Hepatocytes pump bile acids into canaliculi - Pulls water with it creating a flow - Gradient maintained by Na+
73
Bile acid-independent flow
- Carbonic anhydrase in Hepatocytes forms bicarbonate - HCO3 to canaliculi using Cl exchanger - Pulls water creating flow
74
How is Bilirubin removed
Conjugated with Glucuronic acid in Hepatocytes to make it water-soluble - Goes to canaliculi - Converted to Urobilinogen & Stercobilin (color) - Excreted via feces & urine
75
Fate of bile produced by Hepatocytes
- 450ml as Hepatic Bile to intestines - 450ml stored in Gallbladder
76
Daily production of Bile acids in Liver
0.6 g / Day
77
Entire pool of Bile acids in the body
2 - 5 g
78
Total Bile acid usage per day
20g Bile acid / Day
79
Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile
Where one bile acid molecule is used several times
80
Loss of Bile acids + Salts
0.6 g / Day Equal to what is produced
81
Neurohormonal control of Gallbladder Contraction
- NO + VIP relax sphincter of Oddi - ACh SM contraction of gallbladder - CCK Enhances effects

Physiology 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions