Week 1,2,3

Question 1

Psychopathology

Answer 1

Development of abnormal behaviors and feelings that are shaped by context, deviant from societal norms

Question 2

Case formulation includes

Answer 2

Clinical theory, 4ps (predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating & protective factors), working hypothesis

Question 3

How is the use of counter transference used in diagnosis?

Answer 3

As a way to emphasize! By feeling the patients emotions

Question 4

Categorical monothetic criterion sets

Answer 4

Requires all symptoms to be present to meet the diagnosis, higher interrater reliability & overly restrictive inclusion criteria for diagnostic classification

Question 5

Categorical Polythetic criterion sets

Answer 5

Disorders that are defined by multiple symptoms and not all listed symptoms are necessary to consider a mental disorder present in a specific individual

Question 6

Criticism of categorical criteria

Answer 6

Poor discriminant validity and lack of reliability and excessive co-morbidity (medical condition present with another)

Question 7

Pro of polythetic sets

Answer 7

Greater inclusion of diagnostic classifications by utilizing polythetic criterion sets

Question 8

Cons of polythetic sets

Answer 8

Excessive within group heterogeneity (patients who present different sets of symptoms may be classified with the same diagnosis)

Question 9

Dimensional models

Answer 9

Used to calculate intercorrelations among large amounts of variable data, factor analysis examines patterns within groupings such as behaviors traits and symptoms

Question 10

What does the dimensional approach allow a clinician to do?

Answer 10

Allows clinician more latitude to assess the severity of a condition and does not imply a concrete threshold between normality and disorder

Question 11

How do dimensional approaches place behaviors and symptoms

Answer 11

On a continuum of frequency and severity

Question 12

Z-codes (DSM)

Answer 12

Things you are treating but they are not mentally diagnosed, such as child abuse

Question 13

Differential diagnosis

Answer 13

A list of possible conditions that could be causing patients symptoms, and narrowing it down

Question 14

Malingering

Answer 14

Faking a disease for secondary gain

Question 15

Factitious

Answer 15

Doing it for attention to be diagnosed

Question 16

3 culture ways of understanding or describing distress or illness that are brought up in clinical encounters

Answer 16

Cultural explanation, cultural idiom of distress & cultural syndrome

Question 17

Cultural idiom of distress

Answer 17

Phrase or a way of talking about symptoms problems or suffering

Question 18

Cultural syndrome

Answer 18

A cluster of group of co-occurring distinctive symptoms found in specific cultural groups, communities

Question 19

What does case formulation do?

Answer 19

It guides treatment

Question 20

Nomothetic

Answer 20

Approach involves trying to make generalizations about the world to understand large-scale social patterns

Question 21

Idiographic

Answer 21

relating to something that is unique, individual, or concrete. Similar symptoms can present differently in different individuals (dimensional)

Question 22

Psychological case formulation of the 4Ps

Answer 22

Predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors

Question 23

Predisposing factors

Answer 23

Certain factors may make an individual more vulnerable toward developing a certain type of mental illness (genetic, family history, substance, trauma)

Question 24

Precipitating factors

Answer 24

Include all types of triggers for the mental illness or mental health problems that are being presented (what triggered it, losses, divorce, relapse)

Question 25

Perpetuating/maintaining factors

Answer 25

Contextual factors or situations that maintain or worsen the problem (these keep you from moving on, drug you, aggressive behaviors, habitual)

Question 26

Protective factors

Answer 26

Conditions or attributes in individuals, families, communities or the larger society that mitigate or eliminate mental health problems or illness (ex: community support, motivation for change)

Question 27

Bergners (1998) Characteristics of clinical case formulation

Answer 27

Organized around a linchpin, targets factors amenable to intervention and enables beneficial use by the client

Question 28

Linchpin

Answer 28

the idea of identifying a central organizing factor in a clinical case

Question 29

Bergners procedures steps

Answer 29

1. Determine the facts of the case, 2. Develop the facts into an explanatory account, 3. Check implement, and revise if indicated

Question 30

When does a categorical classification approach work best?

Answer 30

When members of a diagnostic class are homogenous, mental disorders are not homogeneous

Question 31

Transference

Answer 31

The persistence of childhood patterns of mental organization in adult life implies that the past is repeating itself in the present (ex: mom: I don’t have time for this. Daughter: I wonder if my therapist will think I’m needy)

Question 32

Good case formulation

Answer 32

Being concise, include all facts, patients history, symptoms, predisposed, why problem persists, anticipate how the patient will respond to treatment

Question 33

Dimensions in DSM

Answer 33

Psychiatric symptoms can occur both within and across disorders Measure symptoms in 3 ways   1. Acknowledges symptoms not primary Ex: depression and anxiety occurring at one time Specifiers like anxiety travel across disorders 2. Measure Symptom Magnitude Ex: clinician rated dimensions of psychosis symptom severity 8 item measure compelted by clinicians Clinician rates symptom in past 7 days 3. Screen for a mental disorder. This refers to the dimensional model’s approach to using screening tools to detect for the presence of a disorder.   

Question 34

Disadvantages with Dimensional

Answer 34

Limited clinical utility (clinicians prefer categorical diagnosis), lack of clear boundaries, overlapping symptoms, stigma and acceptance (categorical models provide better labels for diagnosis)