Week 1

Question 1

What are the functions of the foot?

Answer 1

Shock absorption
Adaptation to surfaces
Propulsion

Question 2

What are the three key joints of the foot?

Answer 2

Talocrural
Subtalor
Midtarsal

Question 3

What bones articulate in the talocrural joint?

Answer 3

Tibia
Fibula
Talus

Question 4

What are the actions and degrees of the talocrural joint?

Answer 4

DF- 12-20 degrees

PF- 50-56 degrees

Question 5

What is the articulation for the subtalor joint?

Answer 5

Calcaneus

Talus

Question 6

What are the actions of the subtalor joint?

Answer 6

Supination

Pronation

Question 7

What are the articulations of the midtarsal joint?

Answer 7

Talus and Navicular

Calcaneus and cuboid

Question 8

What are the actions of the midtarsal joint?

Answer 8

Forefoot PF/DF

Forefoot ADD/ABD

Question 9

What are the first ray actions?

Answer 9

PF with eversion

DF with inversion

Question 10

What are the actions of the fifth ray?

Answer 10

Eversion with PF

Inversion with DF

Question 11

What is it called when the calcaneus is neutral and the forefoot is perpendicular to the calcaneus?

Answer 11

Forefoot Neutral

Question 12

What is called when the calcaneus is neutral and the forefoot is supinated/inverted?

Answer 12

Forefoot varus

Question 13

What is it called when the calcaneus is neutral and the forefoot is pronated/everted?

Answer 13

Forefoot valgus

Question 14

What occurs with a rigid PF 1st ray?

Answer 14

Puts calcaneus in varus

Question 15

What occurs with forefoot varus and flexible 1st ray?

Answer 15

Puts calcaneus in valgus

Question 16

What is affected with internal or external rotation?

Answer 16

Lower leg
Rearfoot
Midfoot
Forefoot

Question 17

What is associated with an internal rotatory deformity?

Answer 17

Tibial internal rotation
Calcaneal valgus
Midfoot pronation
Forefoot abduction
Pes planus
Medial soles worn out

Question 18

What is associated with an external rotatory deformity?

Answer 18

Tibial external rotation
Calcaneal varus
Midfoot supination
Forefoot adduction
Pes cavus
Susceptible to lateral ankle sprains
Lateral soles worn out

Question 19

What does IRD do to the knee?

Answer 19

Valgus moment
Genu Valgum
Medial collateral laxity
Lateral compartment compression

Question 20

What does ERD do to the knee?

Answer 20

Varus moment at the knee
Genu Varum
Lateral collateral laxity
Medial compartment compression

Question 21

What can cause rotatory deformities?

Answer 21

Boney anomalies
Joint laxity (lig. and tendons)
Muscle weakness
Muscle imbalance (spasticity, hyper tonicity)

Question 22

What biomechanical tools can be used to correct and control IRD and ERD?

Answer 22

Three point force systems

Ground reaction force

Question 23

What occurs with a longer lever arm?

Answer 23

Less force required to correct

Question 24

Where are the three points of force to counter genu varum?

Answer 24

Proximal medial force directed laterally near mid thigh
Distal medial force directed laterally near ankle
Lateral force directed medially at knee

Question 25

Where are the three points of force to counter genu valgum?

Answer 25

Proximal lateral force directed medially near mid thigh Distal lateral force directed medially near ankle medial force directed laterally at knee

Question 26

Where are the three points of force to counter genu recurvatum?

Answer 26

Proximal anterior force directed posteriorly at upper thigh Distal anterior force directed posteriorly near ankle Posterior force directed anteriorly at knee

Question 27

Where are the three points of force to counter knee flexion?

Answer 27

Proximal posterior force directed anteriorly at upper thigh Distal posterior force directed anteriorly at calf anterior force directed posteriorly at knee

Question 28

Where are the three points of force to control IRD by an AFO in the coronal plane?

Answer 28

Proximal lateral on calf Distal lateral on calcaneus Distal medial on arch, proximal to malleolus and proximal aspect of calcaneus

Question 29

Where are the three points of force to control ERD by AFO in the coronal plane?

Answer 29

Same as IRD except opposite and have sabolich (carlston) 1in above malleolus and no arch

Question 30

Where are the three points of force to control IRD by SMO in the coronal plane?

Answer 30

Proximal lateral malleolus Distal lateral calcaneous Proximal medial calcaneous

Question 31

Where are the three points of force to control ERD by SMO in the coronal plane?

Answer 31

Proximal medial malleolus Distal medial calcaneous Proximal lateral calcaneous

Question 32

Can you control ERD with a UCBL?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

Where are the three points of force to control PF?

Answer 33

Proximal posterior calf Distal posterior footplate anterior ankle strap

Question 34

Where are the three points of force to control DF?

Answer 34

Proximal anterior strap Distal anterior shoe Posterior footplate at heel

Question 35

Can FO control forefoot abduction or adduction?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

Where are the three points of force to control forefoot adduction for an AFO, SMO, UCBL?

Answer 36

Shaft of 1st Metatarsal Medial Posterior calcaneous Lateral Anterior calcaneous

Question 37

Where are the three points of force to control forefoot abduction for AFO, SMO, UCBL?

Answer 37

Shaft of 5th metatarsal ST mod Lateral posterior calcaneous

Question 38

When dealing with the GRF what control deformities?

Answer 38

Horizontal surfaces

Question 39

How can you control deformities orthotically when dealing with the GRF?

Answer 39

postings Locking out the ankle Stops

Question 40

What are intrinsic posting?

Answer 40

Change the plaster mold

Question 41

What are extrinsic postings?

Answer 41

Adding material to the outside of the orthosis

Question 42

What is an example of a time to use an intrinsic post?

Answer 42

Flexible 1st or 5th Ray

Question 43

What is an example of a time to use an extrinsic post?

Answer 43

Rigid 1st or 5th ray

Question 44

When should you use both a extrinsic and intrinsic post?

Answer 44

With correctable calcaneal varus or valgus

Question 45

When should you lock out the ankle joint?

Answer 45

Block knee flexion with less than 20 degree flexion contracture Mild knee hyperextension

Question 46

What are the functional components of the foot?

Answer 46

Rearfoot Midfoot Forefoot