WEEK 1-3 TERMS Flashcards
1
Q
Supine
A
Lying on the back face upward (recumbent)
2
Q
Prone
A
Lying on abdomen face down
3
Q
Anatomical Position
A
Body position as if person was standing upright
- Head, eyes, toes directed forward (anteriorly)
- Palms facing anteriorly
- Lower limbs close together with feet parallel
4
Q
Median Plane (median sagittal plane)
A
Vertical anteroposterior plane passing throguh midlines of head neck and trunk. (AKA line of symmetry separating left and right)
5
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
VERTICAL planes passing through the body PARALLEL to the median plane
6
Q
Frontal (Coronal) Planes
A
VERTICAL planes passing through body at RIGHT ANGLES to median plane
7
Q
Transverse Planes
A
HORIZONTAL planes passing through body at RIGHT angles to the MEDIAN and FRONTAL PLANES
8
Q
Why are anatomical planes used?
A
To describe sections
9
Q
Longitudinal Sections
A
Run lengthwise or parallel to long axis of body or ANY of its parts. Includes median, sagital and frontal planes.
10
Q
What range of longitudinal sections is there
A
180 degrees
11
Q
Transverse Sections (axial plane)
A
Parts of the body that are cut at right angles to longitudinal axis of the body or any of its parts. (AKA cross sections)
12
Q
Oblique sections
A
Slices of body or parts NOT cut along sagittal, frontal (coronal), or transverse planes.
13
Q
Example of oblique sections
A
In radiographic images
14
Q
Superficial
A
Nearer to surface,
e.g.muscles of arm are superficial to humerus
15
Q
Intermediate
A
Between superficial and deep structure
e.g. biceps muscle is intermediate between the skin and humerus
16
Q
Deep
A
Farther from surface
e.g. humerus is deep to arm muscles
17
Q
Medial
A
Farther from median plane
e..g 5th digit is on medial side of hand
18
Q
Lateral
A
Farther from median plane
e.g. 1st digit is on lateral side of hand
19
Q
Posterior
A
Nearer to back
e.g. heal is posterior to toes
20
Q
Inferior (Caudal)
A
Nearer to feet
e.g. Stomach is inferior to heart
21
Q
Anterior (Ventral)
A
Nearer to front
e.g. Toes
are anterior to ankle
22
Q
Proximal
A
Nearer to trunk or point of origin such as a limb
e.g. Elbow is proximal to wrist and proximal part of artery is its beginning
23
Q
Distal
A
Farther from trunk or point of origin
e.g. Wrist is distal to the elbow, and the fistal part od the upper lmb is the hand
24
Q
Inferior foot surface
A
Sole
25
Superior foot surface
Dorsum
26
Posterior hand
Dorsum
27
Anterior hand
Palm
28
Rostral
Used instead of anterior when describing parts of the brain . (towards the front of brain
e.g. frontal lobe of brain is rostral to cerebellum
29
Inferomedial
Nearer to the feet an dmedial plane e.g. anterior parts of ribs run interomedially
30
Superolateral
Nearer to head and farther from median plane
31
Bilateral
Paired structures having left and right members
| e.g. kidneys
32
Unilateral
Occurs on one side only such as the spleen
33
Ipsilateral
Something occuring on the same side of the body as another strucutre. g/ The right thumb and right big toe
34
Contralateral
Occuring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure
e.g. right hand is contralateral to left hand
35
In what plane and axis do flexion and extension movements occur (generally)?
In sagittal planes around a transverse axis
36
Felxion
Bending or decreasing angle between bones or parts of the body
37
Extension
Straightening or increasing angle between bones or parts of body
- ususally occurs in posterior direction
38
Dorsiflexion
Flexion at ankle point (lifting foot and toes off ground)
39
Plantarflexion
Bends foot and toes toward the ground
| e.g. standing on tippi toes
40
Hyperextension
Extension of limb beyond normal limit
| e.g. whiplash
41
Which plane and axis do ABduction and adduction movements occur?
Frontal plane around anteroposterior axis
42
ABduction
Moving away from the median plane
e.g. moving an upper limb laterally away
from
side of body
43
ABduction of digits
Spreading them apart
44
Adduction
Moving towards the median plane
45
Caudal
At the rear or tail end
46
Cranial
At the head end
47
What does the Axial region include?
The head, neck and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of the body
48
Appendicular Region includes...
Extremities of the arms and legs
49
Inversion
Twisting of the ankle towards the midline
50
Aversion
Twisting away from the midline
51
Pronation
Palm facing front to palm facing back (radius rotates over ulna)
52
What is an x-ray referred to as?
AP Radiograph
53
Is the x-ray data 2D or 3D?
It is 3D data compressed onto a 2D image
54
Dermis
Dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibres
55
What causes goosebumps?
The contraction of the arrector muscles of hairs which also causes the sebaceous glands to compress and secrete oily product onto the skin surface
56
Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
Comprises of lose connective tissue and stored fat
57
What does subcutaneous tissue contain?
Sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and cutaneous veins
58
How are bones classified?
According to their shape
59
Long Bones
Tubular e.g. humerus in arm
60
Short bones
Cuboidal and only found in tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist)
61
Flat Bones
Have a protective function such as those of the cranium to protect brain
62
Irregular Bones
VARIOUS shapes other than long short or flat, e.g, bones of the face
63
Sesamoid bonesi
e.g. patella or knee cap
| Develop and found in certain tendons where the tendons cross the ends of the long bones in limbs
64
Fucntion of sesamoid bones
Protect tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments
65
Why do bone markings appear?
Wherever tendons, ligaments, and fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones
66
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Body
Principle mass of bone i.e. in long bones its the shaft; with vertebrae its the anterior weight bearing portions between the inter ventricular disks.
67
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Capitulum
Small, round articular head of bone e.g. capitulum of humerus)
68
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Condyle
Rounded, knuckle like articular area often occurring in pairs e.g. the lateral and medial femoral condyles
69
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Crest
Ridge of bone e.g. iliac creat
70
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Epicondyle
Eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle e.g. laterqal epicondyle of the humerus
71
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Facet
Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone e.g. superior costal facet on body of vertebra for articulation with a rib
72
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Foramen
Passage through a bone e.g. obturator foramen
73
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Fossa
Hollow or depressed area e.g. infraspinous fossa of scapula
74
Bone Markings and Features of bones:Groove
Elongated depression or furrow e.g. Radial groove of humerus
75
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Head
Large, round articular end e.g. head of the humerus
76
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Line
Linear elevation, sometimes called a RIDGE e.g. soleal line of tibia
77
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Malleolus
Rounded process e.g. lateral malleolus of the fibula
78
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Neck
Relatively narrow portion proximal to the head
79
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Notch
Indentation at the edge of a bone e.g. greater sciatic notch
80
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Process
An extension or projection serving a particular purpose , having characteristic shape, or extending in a particular direction e.g. articular process, spinous process, or transverse process of a vertebra
81
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Protuberance
A bulge or projection of bone e.g. external occipital protuberance
82
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Shaft
The diaphysis, or body of a long bon
83
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Spine
Thorn like process e.g. the sine of the scapula
84
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Trochanter
Large blunt elevation e.g. greater trochanter of the femur
85
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Trochlea
Spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley e..g trochlea of the humerus
86
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Tubercle
Small raised eminence e.g. greater tubercle of humerus
87
Bone Markings and Features of bones: Tuberosity
Large rounded elevation e.g. ischial tuberosity
88
Where do all bones derive from?
Mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
89
What does the trunk consist of?
Throacis (thorax), Mamma (breast), Abdoment (abdominal), Umbilicus (navel) and Pelvis (pelvic)
90
Bergmanns Rule
Body size within widely distributed taxonomic groups varies with climate
e.g. species i ncolder climates have larger body mass and species in warm environments have smaller body mass
91
Allen's Rule
Limb shape varies with climate such that animals in cooler climate minimise SA to vol ratio by having shorter extremities compared to the body size e.g. rabbits in different climates
92
Kleiber line
Relates metabolic rate and body mass (applies to organs and respiratory systems)
93
Isometry
As size changes, the shape stays proportional e.g. in salamanders and with snail shell
94
Allometry
Shape changes as size changes .
95
What type of growth do humans have?
Allometric growth
96
Heterochrony
Differential rates of development among cell lines within the organism leading to changes in size and/or shape (at different times)
97
Progenisis
Development ends early
98
Hypermorphosis
Development stops later
99
Neoteny
Character of organism develops at faster rate compared to ancestral e.g. Paedomorphosis- adult head is similar to juvenile head
100
Acceleration
Character of organism develops at faster rate compared to ancestral
101
What would appear the lightest shade in an AP Radiograph?
Metal as it absorbs all the x-rays and appears the whitest
102
What would appear darkest shade in AP radiograph?
Air would as it absorbs the least x-rays and appears the 'blackest'
103
What does CT stand for?
Computerised Tomography
104
What are examples of tomography?
CT (Computerised tomography) and MRI (Magntetic Resonance Image)
105
How is tomography better than normal radiographs?
Take sequential cross sections to produce 3D image, higher quality resolution, minimise 3D on 2D compression issue
106
CT (Computerised Tomography)
- Reveals bones and soft tissue and organs
- Emission of x-ray beams with multiple detectors
- Denisty data reconstructed into slices
107
Is CT cross section still as 3D image?
YES! Even though it looks 3D it is made up of 3D 'voxels' which si volumetric pixel
108
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Image)
- Measures H atom emission of radio frequency in strong magnetic field
- Different tissues of body can be separated out and distinguished by differing levels of hydrogen
109
What are the two types of reconstruction imagery in MRI?
T1 and T2
110
What does T1 show?
Areas where fat is the brightest
111
What does T2 show? A
Areas where fluid is the brightest
112
Parallel/ fusiform muscle
FIbres are parallel
e. g. biceps brachii
- good for endurance
113
Convergent muscle
- FIbres come from different directions and converge
- Concentrates energy in small area
e. g. pectoralis major
114
Uni pennate muscle
Fibres come in obliquely
| e.g. EDL (extensor digitorium longus) (wrist and finger extensor)
115
Bipennate muscle
Two different directions to tendon
| e.g. Rectus Femoris (quad)
116
Multipennate
Branching tendons into a single insertion
Posterior fibres act as extensor
e.g. deltoid
117
Agonist
Prime mover , main muscle for producing specific movement in body (usually contracts cocnetrically BUT not all of the time)
118
Synergist
Complements the action of the prime mover
| - Can also act as a fixator (Steadies proximal part of limb throguh isometric contraction )
119
Antagonist
Muscle that opposes the action of the agonist (prime mover)
| Usually eccentrically contract (but not all the time)
