Week 1 Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
Central Nervous System
A
Brain & spinal cord
2
Q
Peripheral nervous system
A
Everything outside CNS
- somatic
- autonomic
3
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
Bring info in and output to motor movements (skeletal muscles)
VOLUNTARY mvmt
4
Q
Autonomic NS divisions
A
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
- enteric
SMOOTH muscle
5
Q
Sympathetic NS
A
Fight or flight
-synapses in ganglia–>organs
6
Q
Parasympathetic NS
A
Rest and digest
-synapses straight to organs
7
Q
Enteric NS
A
“Brain in your gut”
- maintains smooth muscle of gut
- Human Microbiome Project (HMP)
8
Q
Rostral
A
Towards front end
Towards face
9
Q
Caudal
A
Towards back/tail
Toward back of head
10
Q
Dorsal
A
Towards top
Top of head
11
Q
Ventral
A
Towards bottom/belly
Towards feet
12
Q
Medial
A
Towards midline
13
Q
Lateral
A
Away from midline
14
Q
Forebrain
A
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
15
Q
Midbrain
A
Mesencephalon
16
Q
Hindbrain
A
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
17
Q
Nucleus
A
Cluster of neurons INSIDE CNS that perform similar function
18
Q
Ganglia
A
Cluster of neurons OUTSIDE CNS that perform a similar function
19
Q
Brain stem
A
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
20
Q
Lateral ventricle
A
Telencephalon
21
Q
Third ventricle
A
Diencephalon
22
Q
Cerebral Aquaduct
A
Mesencephalon
23
Q
4th ventricle
A
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
24
Q
Central canal
A
Caudal part of neural tube
25
Medulla
- Within Myelencephalon
- Contains nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS
- function: mediates many things (taste, hearing, balance, face/neck muscles) AND regulate BP/respiration/digestion
26
Nucleus of the solitary tract
Part of the medulla
| Receives input from Vagus nerve
27
Cerebellum
- Within Metencephalon
- "Little brain"
- FUNCTION: compare what brain tells muscle to do and what it actually does
28
Pons
- Within metencephalon
- many crossings of fibers going to cerebellum
- contains locus coeruleus
29
Locus Coeruleus
Within the pons
*Major NOREPINEPHRINE circuit
(Reinforcement and arousal)
30
Central gray
Within Mesencephalon
| Important in pain
31
Nucleus rubere
Within Mesencephalon
| Supports motor info
32
Substantia nigra
Within Mesencephalon
| USES DOPAMINE
33
Raphe nuclei
Within Mesencephalon
| MAIN SERATONIN CELLS
34
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Within Mesencephalon
Uses DOPAMINE
*critical to reinforcement
35
Thalamus
Within diencephalon
*sensory relay to cortex
& emotion
& memory
36
Hypothalamus
Within Diencephalon
Important in virtually every behavior (except language)
Important in managing NEEDS
37
Habenula
Within Diencephalon
Filters emotional input
38
Cortex
Within telencephalon
"Bark", outer surface of brain
Many convolutions = increased surface area
39
Cingulate gyrus
Part of limbic system (emotion)
Can be involved in depression
-->legioning may stop depression but cause Tourette's
40
Corpus callosum
Connects hemispheres
41
Studies on corpus callosum (gender and autism)
Autism: smaller
Women: thicker
42
Precuneus gyrus
Role unknown
43
Basal ganglia
```
Parts: caudate, putamen (inputs)
Globus palladus (output), nucleus accumbens
```
Closed loop with substantia nigra
44
Hippocampus
Memory formation
45
Amygdala
Aggressive behaviors
46
Telencephalon cerebral cortex structures
Frontal cortex
Motor cortex
Sensory cortex
47
Telencephalon sub-cortical structures
Basal ganglia
- caudate
- putamen
- nucleus accumbens
Amygdala
Hippocampus
48
Diencephalon structures
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Habenula
49
Mesencephalon structures
Raphe nucleus
VTA
Substantia nigra
Central gray
Nucleus rubere
50
Metencephalon structures
Cerebellum
Pons
-locus coeruleus
51
Myelencephalon
Medulla
| -nucleus of solitary tract
52
Cajal principles
1. Neural doctrine: neurons separate and individual
2. Principle of polarization
3. Principle of connectional specificity
53
4* CNS cell types
1. Neurons
2. Microglia
3. Astrocytes
4. Oligodendrocytes
* 5. Synantocytes (NG2 cells)
54
Neuron types
1. Unipolar: only 1 axon
2. Bipolar: 2 processes, 1 to soma, 1 outputs info
3. Multipolar: most common, 1 axon process, many dendrites
55
Neuron classification
1. Sensory/afferent neurons
2. Motor/efferent neurons
3. Interneurons
56
Glial cells
Not actively conducting into CNS
| But outnumber neurons 11:1
57
Microglia
Smallest & fewest
Clean up crew-take up & digest debris after injury
58
Ependymal cells
Type of microglia
Line ventricles with cilia
59
Astrocytes
Within white & gray matter
Important in BBB
"End feet"/"astrocytic foot plates" end on surface of capillaries and connect to neurons
60
Oligodendricytes
Myelinate axons
1. Interfascicular: formation of myelin sheaths around neurons IN CNS
(Same as Schwann cells in PNS)
2. Perineural
61
Roles of glial cells
1. Support elements
2. Provide myelin for axons
3. Remove debris
4. Maintain extracellular space by removing excess K+ and neurotransmitters
5. Guide migration of neurons during development
6. Participate in BBB
7. Exert some sort of nutritive support for neurons
62
Other roles of glial cells
1. Clearing released NTs from synapse (glutamate and gaba)
* converts glutamate to glutamine for reuptake
2. Major source of cytokines- mediate/regulate immunity, inflammation, induce cell death
63
Blood brain barrier
Selective barrier made of multiple cell membranes through which substances have to cross to get to the brain
1. Tight gaps b/w endothelial cells
2. Astrocytes around capillaries provide 2 more membranes to cross before reaching neuron
64
NG2 cells various functions
- some can fire APs which may influence transition from NG2 to oligodendrocytes
- receives input, may output feedback to neurons/astrocytes
- monitor neuronal function & react to CNS for scar tissue formation
