1. Monitor body functioning (survival). I.e. Glucose, insulin, CO2, etc. 2. Maintain homeostasis 3. Maintain hormonal environment by interacting with pituitary 4. Trigger sympathetic response

Week 7 Flashcards by Emmy Griesmer

Telencephalon cerebral cortex limbic structures (5)

Cingulate gurus
Para-hippocampal gyrus
Enorhinal cortex
Prefrontal cortex (esp. sub-callosal gyrus)
Temporal cortex

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Sub-cortical telencephalon Limbic areas (5)

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Septal nuclei
Nucleus accumbens
Caudate &amp; ventral pallidum

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Diencephalon limbic areas (3)

Hypothalamus
Anterior thalamus
Habenula

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Mesencephalon limbic areas (4)

VTA
Central Gray
Raphe nucleus
PPT

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Metencephalon limbic areas

Locus coeruleus

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Limbic area pathway

Hippocampus–>mammillary bodies *via the fornix

Mammillary bodies–>anterior thalamus *via mammothalamic tract

Anterior thalamus–>cingulate gyrus

Cingulate gyrus–>parahippocampal gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus–> entorhinal cortex

Entorhinal cortex–>hippocampus *via perforant pathway

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Hypothalamus 4 roles

Monitor body functioning (survival). I.e. Glucose, insulin, CO2, etc.
Maintain homeostasis
Maintain hormonal environment by interacting with pituitary
Trigger sympathetic response

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2 areas of hypothalamus

Medial area: contains most nuclei

Lateral area: has most fibers

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4 divisions of medial area nuclei

Pre-optic area
Supra-optic area
Tibetan area
Mammillary bodies

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Pre-optic area nuclei (2)

Medial pre-optic nuclei

2. Lateral pre-optic nuclei

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Lateral pre-optic nuclei function

Contains osmoreceptors for fluid balance

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Sexually dimorphic area of pre-optic area IN RATS

SDN larger in males than females

Medial pre-optic nucleus mediates masculine behavior

VMH mediated female sexual behavior

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Supra-optic area nuclei (5)

Anterior hypothalamus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Supra-optic nucleus
PARAventricular nucleus
OVLT

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Suprachiasmatic nucleus function

Receives direct projections from the retina

Involved in mediation of biological rhythms

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Anterior hypothalamus studies on sexuality

INAH-3 nuclei smaller in homosexual men (died of AIDS)

-similar in size to heterosexual women

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Supraoptic and PARAventricilar function

Project to posterior pituitary

magnocellular neurons make oxytocin & vasopressin
parvocellular neurons express releasing factors

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Magnocellular neurons

Make oxytocin and vasopressin

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Parvocellular neurons

Express releasing factors

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Nuclei of tuberal area (4)

VMH
DMH
Arcruvate nuclei
PERIventricular nuclei

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Infundibulum

Stalk that connects pituitary to hypothalamus (tuberal area)

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Median eminence

Point of connection between hypothalamus and pituitary

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VMH function

Food regulation

Lesions lead to obesity (overeating)

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PERIventricular nucleus

Surrounds the ventrical

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Mammillary body area nuclei (2)

Mammillary bodies

2. Posterior nuclei

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Mammillary body and posterior nuclei functions

Both: autonomic functioning Mammillary bodies: memory consolidation Posterior nuclei: thermoregulation

Anterior pituitary function

Blood circulation - release releasing factors into portal system - provoke/inhibit hormone cells

Posterior pituitary function

Neural connections | Release hormones into circulation

Magnocellular neurons release oxytocin pattern

fire in phasic pattern

Magnocellular neurons release vasopressin and pattern

Fire in tonic pattern

Oxytocin in bonding and monogamy

Involved in maternal behavior and bonding behavior

PTSD & MDMA

Increases release of oxytocin

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary function

Parvocellular neurons release releasing factor and inhibitory factors-->anterior pituitary

Inputs and outputs of hypothalamus CNS processing

Neural in/Neural Out Neural in/endocrine out Endocrine in/endocrine out Endocrine in/neural out

Example of neural in/endocrine out hypothalamus functioning

Milk let down - somatosensory input from suckling or baby crying - ->release of oxytocin

Neural in/neural out function example

Mediation of aggressive/defensive behavior Hypothalamus and amygdala interaction

Example of endocrine in/endocrine out function

Blood born agents

Endocrine in/neural out example

Sexual behavior | Androgens-->brain

Lateral area hypothalamus has fibers from

1. MFB 2. Nigro-striatal pathway 3. Other fibers of passage

Lateral hypothalamus nucleus function

Hunger regulation | Lesions-->lack of eating

Neural inputs of hypothalamus

Amygdala | Hippocampus

Neural outputs of hypothalamus (8)

Amygdala Locus coeruleus intermediateral area

Motivation

Initiating, sustaining, and directing behavior | "Drive states"

lesions vs stimulation of VMH

lesions-->obesity *overeat carbs | stimulation-->stop eating

lesions vs stimulation of LH

lesions-->stop eating/drinking | stimulation-->eating and drinking

cephalic insulin release

sensing food (see/taste/smell/hear) can elicit insulin secretion

lesion of VMH mechanism of response

chronic increase in insulin | cannot detect fat stores in existence, so must keep eating

LH mechanism

glucose sensitive neurons | change firing in response to blood glucose

short term feeding cues

CCK-negative feedback, stop eating Ghrelin-positive signal to eat, released by stomach during fasting

Long term cues

Leptin released by fat cells | -->suppresses appetite, increases metabolic rates

CCK

negative feedback | stop eating

Ghrelin

signals you are hungry when fasting

Leptin

released by fat cells suppresses appetite, increase metabolic rate absence of leptin-->obesity *inhibits NPY production

3 possible mechanisms of overeating/obesity

1. lack of leptin 2. abnormalities in leptin receptors 3. abnormal responses to leptin

LH neurons

MCH Orexin -->induce eating

arcruate nucleus NT

releases NPY | releases CART

2 sites of NPY

LH-->MCH/Orexin-->eating | paraventricular nucleus-->insulin secretion

CART sites

paraventricular nucleus-->increase metabolic rate | LH-->inhibit MCH and Orexin

MCH and Orexin

stimulate eating

Leptin function in circuit

inhibits NPY-->increased metabolic rate | excites CART-->decreased MCH and Orexin

Reinforcement circuit

VTA Frontal Cortex Nucleus Accumbens

2 divisions of amygdala

1. corticomedial | 2. basolateral

Amygdala function

detects emotions | mediates fear

TLE (temporal lobe epilepsy)

leads to violent behavior because it recruits amygdala cells

case of Julia

temporal lobe and amygdala malfunction-->violet outbursts lesioning-->less episodes

case of Charles Whitman

1st mass killing at UT - had tumor on amygdala * diary showed this was planned, not impulsive

amygdalectomies and TLE

moderately successful

Newer models for aggression

PFC, OFC ventromedial and dorsolateral PFC amygdala cingulate gyrus

Aggression AND fear models

PFC, cingulate gyrus amygdala hypothalamus

Urbach Wiethes disease

amygdala damage-->impaired fear response

Prefrontal cortex damage

impaired emotional responses

decreased area 25 activity

increase depression

PFC and OFC mechanism

inhibit amygdala | impulsive aggression = problem with inhibition

decreased serotonin model

decreased serotonin--> less inhibition of amygdala

Week 7 Flashcards

(73 cards)