week 1

Question 1

Atoms

Answer 1

smallest form of matter

Question 2

Molecules

Answer 2

a group of atoms

Question 3

Cells (definition + functions)

Answer 3

a group of atoms,molecules and organelles working together

functions:
take in nutrients (feeding)
take in oxygen (respiration)
removes waste (excretion)
repair + grow (reproduction)
Sense and react (irritability)

Disease often affect structure + function of cells
Drugs modify cell function + structure

Question 4

Tissues (definition + list 4 types)

Answer 4

a group of similar cells working together for a specific function

types:
epithelial
connective
muscle
neural

Question 5

Organs (definition + function)

Answer 5

a group of different tissues working together

functions:
control/ direct
cool + warm
move
digest
protect
remove
reproduce
store
support
transport

Question 6

Organ systems

Answer 6

an organ system is a group of organs working together

Question 7

Organism

Answer 7

a human is an organism

Question 8

Elements are made of (2 things) + their functions

Answer 8

ions and symbols

Functions: structure, storage, messengers and control

Question 9

Macro-molecules (list 4)

Answer 9

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids/ fats
Nucleic acids

Question 10

Anatomical Position

Answer 10

hands at side, palms forward, feet together

Question 11

Cell membrane (definition + substances that are found)

Answer 11

the boundary between ICF (inter-cellular fluid) and ECF (extra-cellular fluid)

Includes: 
Double layer of phospholipids
proteins
cholesterol
steroids
carbohydrates

Question 12

Phospholipids (2 parts)

Answer 12

hydrophilic phosphate heads (water loving)

hydrophobic lipid tails (water hating)

Question 13

Protein components in the bilayer

Answer 13

can be peripheral or integral proteins

types:
receptor
channels, gates or pumps
anchoring proteins
carrier proteins

Question 14

Functions of cell membrane

Answer 14

maintains the composition of ICF + ECF
determines movement of substances in and out of the cell
communicates with other cells and organs (receptors)
links adjacent cells

Question 15

Selective permeability

Answer 15

cell membrane is selectively permeable
Lets some substances in/ out, but not others
this is due to the lipid bilayer

Question 16

Membrane transport (definition + lipid and water soluble types and other modes)

Answer 16

transport through the plasma membrane can be active or passive transport

Lipid-soluble: simile diffusion

Water-soluble (ion + water): pass through protein channels/ gates/ pumps using

• diffusion
• osmosis
• active transport

larger molecules use carrier proteins: facilitated diffusion

Question 17

Organelles of the cell and their functions (list 4)

Answer 17

nucleus - control centre of the cell + contains DNA
rough endoplasmic retitculum - modifies and transports proteins
ribosomes - protein synthesis
mitochondria - site of cellular respiration

Question 18

Epithelium functions

Answer 18

protecting/lining
absorbing
filtration
excretion
secretion

Question 19

Epithelium characteristics (+ 3 different shapes)

Answer 19

cells are tightly packed together
little extracellular material (matrix)
avascular
Grow rapidly, high turn over (labile)

squamous - flat
cuboidal - square
columnar - cylinder

Question 20

Epithelium layers

Answer 20

Single layer - simple
many layers - stratifies
pseudostratified - single layer but uneven sizes

Question 21

Surface specialisations (list 3 and their function)

Answer 21

Mircovilli - increase surface area and increase absorption

Cillia - contract in unison and sweeps substances across the cell surface

Keratin- waterproofs the skin cell

Question 22

Connective tissue functions

Answer 22

supports and binds other tissues

provides insulation and protection

Question 23

Matrix

Answer 23

fill the space between cells

Maybe fluid or semi-fluid, gel or firbrous

Question 24

Muscle tissue functions

Answer 24

specialised movement
maintains joint stability
provides postural control
produces heat

Question 25

Types of muscle tissue (list 3)

Answer 25

skeletal- voluntary cardiac - involuntary smooth - involuntary

Question 26

Neural tissue function

Answer 26

communication

Question 27

Homeostasis definition + 6 examples

Answer 27

the bodies ability to maintain a stable internal environment within a narrow pre-set range, relative to a variable external environment If there is a disruption the body corrects changes ``` regulated: gases ions nutrients pH water temperature ```

Question 28

What is used to maintain homeostasis (+ definition)

Answer 28

``` nerve impulses or chemical messengers transmit information feedback systems - body conditions are: monitored evaluated maintained/ changes re-monitored ```

Question 29

Outline the process of feedback systems

Answer 29

stimulus - produce change receptor - detects change/ receives stimulus control centre - processes signal + send instructions/ commands effectors - respond to change

Question 30

Feedback types (list 2)

Answer 30

negative feedback | positive feedback

Question 31

Negative feedback

Answer 31

responds to stimulus to reverse the change back to normal state

Question 32

Positive feedback

Answer 32

strengthens or enhances the stimulus to produce even greater change (produce large, rapid change in stressful or dangerous situations)

Question 33

Major disruptions to feedback

Answer 33

injury - punctured lung, severe cut/ burn illness - flu, inflammation, bacterial infection disease - diabetes, anaemia, heart disease lifestyle - smoking, drinking, sleep deprived

Question 34

Label the cell structure

Answer 34

``` nucleus mitochondria cytoplasm plasma membrane rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) ribosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) ```

Question 35

Label the cavities of the body

Answer 35

``` cranial cavity vertebral cavity superior mediastium pleural cavity pericardial cavity abdominopelvic cavity pelvic cavity ```

Question 36

Terms for the directional terms

Answer 36

``` left + right cranial + caudial (head + but) posterior + anterior (back + front) proximal + distal (shoulder + hand) medial + lateral (centre of body + away from the body) inferior + superior (down + up) ```

Question 37

Label the cell membrane

Answer 37

``` hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails cholesterol gated channels integral protein with channel peripheral proteins glycolipids ```