Week 1 Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
peta
A
P 10^15
2
Q
tera
A
T 10^12
3
Q
giga
A
G 10^9
4
Q
mega
A
M 10^6
5
Q
Kilo
A
K 10^3
6
Q
HECTO
A
h 10^2
7
Q
deca
A
da 10
8
Q
deci
A
d 10^-1
9
Q
centi
A
c 10^-2
10
Q
milli
A
m 10^-3
11
Q
micro
A
μ 10^-6
12
Q
nano
A
n 10^-9
13
Q
SI unit for length
A
m
14
Q
SI unit for mass
A
kg
15
Q
SI unit for volume
A
CM3
16
Q
SI unit for temperature
A
K
17
Q
SI unit for amount of material
A
mol
18
Q
Inferential Statistics is…
A
used to draw conclusions about the data
19
Q
population
A
group from which data is colelcted
20
Q
sample
A
a subset of population
21
Q
variable
A
feature characteristic differing in quality of quantity from one member to another
22
Q
Categorical variables
A
variables with discrete or qualitative values
23
Q
continuous variables
A
variables that can be measured along a continuum
24
Q
Nominal
A
no intrinsic order
25
Ordinal
have order (categorical)
26
dichotomous
only 2 values
27
interval
continuous variable, has numeric value and is measure
28
Ratio
like interval, but value of 0 indicates there is nothing
29
chance
Caused by random variations in subjects and measurements. BIgger sample size reduces this and statistical analysis will handle it
30
bias
not caused by random variation but by systematic variation. Big sample size will not fix this
31
selection bias
biased sampling of population
32
measurement bias
systematic bias with poor mesurement technique
33
analysis bias
favoring one analysis over the other
34
confounding
misinterpretation of accurate variables
35
clinical trial ( non randomized)
Experimental study where exposure status is assigned by investigator
36
Randomized controlled trial
experimental, Clinical trial when assignement to an exposure is determined purely by chance
37
Cohort study
Observational, analytical study in which subjects with an exposure of interest and subject without the exposure, are identified and then followed forward in time to determine outcome
38
Case-control study
observational, analytical study that first identifies group of subjects with disease and a control group without disease and looks back in time to find exposure. Works well with rare diseases
39
Cross-sectional study
Observational, analytical study that is done to examine presence or absence of dx or presence or absence of exposure at a particular time. Often unlcear if exposure preceded the outcome.
40
Case report
Descriptive study that reports on single or series of patients with certain diseases. Study usually generates a hypothesis but cannot test a hypothesis because it does not include appropraite comparison group.
41
Confounding
Occurs when investigator falsely concludes that a particular exposure is causally related to a dx without adjusting for other factors that are known risk factors for the dx and are associated with exposure
42
Standard error of mean
describes amount of variability in the measurement of the population mean from several different samples. This is in contrast to standard deviation; which measures the variability of individual observations in sample
43
Incidence
number of new events that occur during a specified period of time
44
Incidence rate
number of new events that occur over the sum of time individuals in the population were at risk for having the event
45
Prevalence
number of persons in population affected by dx at specific time divided by persons in the population
46
Number needed to treat
number of patients to treat to prevent one adverse outcome. Reciprocal of absolute risk reduction
47
Sensitivity
ability of test to identify correctly those who have the disease
48
Specificity
ability of test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease
49
Predictive values
assesses how useful a test will be in the clinical setting
50
positive predictive value
probability of dx in patient with positive test
51
negative predictive value
probability patient does not have disease if he has a negative test result
52
Type 1 error (alpha)
probability of incorrectly concluding there is a statistically sig diff in population when none exists
53
Type II error
probability of incorrectly concluding that there is no statistically sig diff in population when one exists/
54
Newton's First Law
Object in motion stays in motion
55
Newton's Second Law
Object will stay in motion until acted on bya force F=MA
56
Newton's Third Law
For every action there si an equal and opposite reaction
57
Mass unit
kg
58
Velocity Units
m/sec
59
Acceleration units
m/sec2
60
Force units
kg*m/sec2
61
mass equation
m=f/a
62
velocity equation
Δx/t
63
Acceleration equation
Δv/Δt
64
force equation
m*a
65
scalar
magnitude and unit but no direction
66
vector
magnitude, units and direction
67
4 fundamental forces strongest to weakest
1) strong nuclear force
2) electromagnetic
3) weak nuclear force
4) gravitational forces
68
strong nuclear force
holds protons and neutons together in nucleus
69
electromagnetic force
holds electrons in atoms, tries to force protons apart
70
weak nuclear force
affects subatomic particles
71
gravitational force
holds earth in sun's orbit and keeps you from floating away
72
Units of weight
pound. measure of force m*g
73
scales measure -___
weight
74
balance measure ____
mass
75
specific gravity
density of substance divided by the density of water. unitless
76
density units
mass/volume g/ml
77
pressure
force/area
78
barometer
atmospheric pressure to a vacuum. pam=p.g.h
79
manometer
compares atmospheric pressure to unknown pressure. Δp=pgΔh
80
aneroid bellow gauge
use expansion of bellows by pressure
81
bourdon gauge
use coiled tube that straightens in response to pressure
82
total pressure
ptotal=pgauge +patm
83
work definition
force acting through a distance f*d or N*m
84
work/energy units
n*m or 1kg*m2/sec2
85
potential energy example, equation
lifting up an object. m*g*d
86
kinetic energy example, equation
pushing a car and accelerating it. 1/2mv2
87
power definiton
rate of work, work/tim
88
power units
1 watt=1 j/sec= 1 kg*m2/sec3
89
0th law of thermodynamics
A&B are in thermal equilibrium if they have the same temp
90
1st law of thermodynamics
ΔU= Q+W, change in internal energy= energy put into system+work done on system
91
2nd law of thermodynamics
Heat flows from hot to cold
92
3rd law of thermodynamics
It's impossible to reach absolute zero
93
endothermic process, what does q equal?
energy flows into system (appears colder) Q>0
94
exothermic procss, what does q equal?
energy flows out of system (appears hotter) Q<0
95
temperature
average kinetic energy of particles
96
W and Δu at compressor
w>0, Δu>0
97
Q and ΔU at condenser and fan
Q<0, ΔU ABOUT 0
98
W and ΔU at beginning of evaporator
W <0, Δu <0
99
Q and Δ U at end of evaporator
Q>0, ΔU~0
100
4 types of matter
atoms, ions, elements, compounds
101
physical properties
intrinsic or extrinsic to matter
102
intrinsic property
indpendent of amount of material, color, density etc
103
extrinsic property
dependent on mass, volume, etc
104
atomic number
Z. #protons in nucleus. determined by atomic number
105
atomic mass
#protons+#neutons
106
isotope
has diff number of neutrons. A-Z
107
mass spectrometer
used to determine varying isoptops.
108
covalent bonds
strong bonds between non metals. very strong in both water and air
109
ionic bonds
between metal and non metal. only strong in vacuum
110
hydrogen bonds
attraction of h to O and N (partial + and -)
111
van der waals
attraction between all atoms. very weak
112
list bonds from strongest to weakest
covalent, ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals
113
dinitrogen monoxide (nitrous oxide)
N2O
114
nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide)
NO
115
Sodium ion?
Na+
116
Potassium ion?
K+
117
Calcium ion charge?
Ca2+
118
Chloride ion charge?
CL-
119
Sulfide ion
S2-
120
Phosphide ion
P3-
121
Copper I, cuprous
CU +
122
Copper II
CU 2+
123
Iron II, ferrous
Fe 2+
124
iron III, ferric
Fe3+
125
Ammonium
NH4+
126
Ammonia
NH3+
127
Hydronium
H3O+
128
Bicarbonate
HCO3-
129
Bisulfate
HSO4-
130
Hydroxide
OH-
131
acetate
C2H3O2-
132
cyanide
CN-
133
Dihydrogenphosphate ion
H2PO4-
134
Sulfate ion
SO42-
135
Nitrite
no2-
136
hypochlorite
ClO-
137
Carbonate
CO32-
138
Phosphate
PO43-
139
Nitrate
NO3-
140
Sulfite
SO3 2-
141
Sulfate
SO4 2-
142
hydrate
ionic compounds with fixed number of water molecules
143
electrolyte
substance that dissolves in water and conducts electricity
144
Mendeleev
organized the known elements in periodic table
145
Dalton
credited with atomic theory
146
Representative elements
Group 1a-8a
147
Transition elements
Middle group B elements
148
Mean, median mode with nominal?
No mean, no median, yes mode
149
Mean, median and mode with Ordinal?
Mean, maybe but no real value. Median Yes, Mode Yes
150
Mean median mode with Dichotomous
No mean, no median, yes mode
151
Mean, median mode with interval
Yes mean, yes median, yes mode
152
Mean, median mode with ratio
Yes mean, yes median, yes mode
153
Relative risk is for?
For cohort studies. Ratio of incidence of dx in exposed group divided by corresponding incidence of dx in unexposed group. Framington study with exposure of HTN and following amt of cardiac events in subjects with and without HTN. helped determine cardiac risk factos
154
Odds Ratio is for?
and case control studies. Odds of exposure in the group with dx divded by odds of exposure in control group. I.e. case control with relationship b/w artificial sweeteners and bladder ca. Odds ratio gives stable, unbiased estimate of relative risk./
