Week 3 Flashcards by Amy Woody

Cell membrane is a

Phospholipid bilayer

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Triglycerides are what functional groups basis

Tri-esters of glycerol with fatty acid chains

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How are phospholipids similar to glycerides?O

One fatty acid residues has been replaced with phosphate ester group.

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Fatty acids are what functional group?

Long chained carboxylic acids

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Which oil saturation is solid at room temp?

Saturated- has no double bonds

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Explain how unsaturated fatty acids stay liquid at room temperature.

Plant oils, is a unsaturated bond, meaning it has one double bond with cis configuration. This kink keeps the intermolecular bonds lower, therefore keeping the molecules from “settling in” and keeping it in a liquid state. The decreased amount of intermolecular forces also causes the melting point to be much lower. This keeps linoleum acid (vegetable oil) liquid at room temp

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Which type double bonds exist in nature?

Cis

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Glycolysis results in

2 pyruvic acid molecules (3 c each) with 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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What does pyruvic acid convert to under anaerobic conditions?

Lactic acid. Uses NADH to convert (NADH is the more energetically dense… otherwise sent to electron transport chain to make ATP in aerobic states)

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What is pyruvic acid converted to in aerobic conditions?

Acetyl CoA and NADH

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How many rounds of Kreb cycle does glucose go through?

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What does each round of Kreb’s (TCA) cycle produce?

1 ATP. 3 NADH, ONE QH2. So with one molecule of glucose, we get 2ATP net.

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What functional group do amino acids consist of?

Amine and carbonyl group

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Identity of amino acid is determined by?

Side chain

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All amino acids have which chiral family?

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Carbohydrates we use belong to which chiral family?

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Can we make amino acids?

No, only change one amino acids to another amino acid

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What do enzymes do to the activation energy?

Lowers activation energy but does not influence outcome (favorable or unfavorable)

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Michaelis Menten equation

V= Vmax * [s]/ Km + [s]

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Substrate concentration when V is half of maximum

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What is fructose

Ketose

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3 aldoses we need to know are…

Glucose, Mannose, Galactose

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Why do you feel the burn?

Local acidosis

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Where does glycolysis happen?

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

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Where does citric acid cycle happen?

Mitochondria

Where does electron transfer chain happen?

Mitochondria

Citric acid is what kind of pathway?

Amphibolic pathway

REQ

CO2 produced/O2 needed

What does cholesterol do to cell membranes?

Give fluidity

What do double bonds due to fatty acids?

Lower melting point

What do cold water fish have?

Higher omega 6

What do warm water fish have?

Omega 3

Can we convert omega 3 and omega 6?

No, all omega 3 and 6 have to come from diet.

ARACHIDONIC ACID

Common in plasma membrane. Omega 6. Convert to prostaglandin, leukotrienes which are inflammatory.

What does melting point do as fatty acid chain gets longer?

Increases melting point

Linoleic acid

Vegetable oil 18:2 (9,12). Omega 6

Linolenic acid

18:3 (9,12,15) omega 3 vegetable oil

RNA Synthesis is called

Transcription. DNA—> RNA= transcription

mRNA

Copy of blueprint. Reads instructions for synthesis of protein encoded on strand of dna

Protein synthesis is called?

Translation

We make proteins from?

RNA

Where does transcription happen?

In nucleus

Where does translationhappen?

In cytosol

Start of translation?

AUG- methionine

End of translation?

UGA

Transcription factor

Locates genes that needs to be copied

RNAse job?

Degradation of mRNA.

Roll of poly a tail

If we want the mRNA to stick around longer, we need longer tail so it takes RNAse longer to degrade mRNA

Ribosomes

Bind to mRNA to transcribe proteins “walks along mRNA”

What does the mRNA resemble?

DNA coding strand. Except every T is a U on mRNA

Direction of translation?

5’-> 3’

When would proteins be made on rough ER

When you want to secrete cell, use in plasma membrane, or vehicle on cell

When is protein made on free ribosome?

When you want protein in cytosol

TRNA

Brings appropriate amino acids to ribosome during translation. Has anticodon on tip. Acceptor stem carries amino acid

When would you want lots of C’s and G’s in DNA

When you live in boiling environment

Five stages of protein synthesis

1) activation of trans 2) initiation (attachement of ribosome) 3) elongation (3 base pairs of time adding one aa) 4) termination (UGA stop) 5) folding and post translational processing

Ribosomes made out of

RRNA and protein

Which are the negative polar amino acids

Aspartic acid, glutamic acid

What are the positive, polar amino acids?

Arginine, lysine, histidine

What are the uncharged polar amino acids?

``` Asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine ```

What do positive aa have on side chain to make it positive?

What do negative amino acids have on side chain to give negative charge?

CooH

Peptide bond forms between

Carboxylic end and amino end to give Cdouble bond O and C-N and n-h

Primary structure of protein

1st protein structure written from translation of RNA

Protein secondary structure

Primary alpha helix or beta pleated sheets from hydrogen interactions within peptide chain

Describe Protein tertiary structure of proteins

INteraction of amino acid side chains

What does a polypeptide chain consist of (what type of bonds?)

Polypeptide chain is amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Joins carboxyl group of one amino acid with amine group of another amino acid

Types of tertiary structure bonds

Disulfide Salt bridges Hydrogen bonds Hydrophobic interactions

Disulfide bonds

Very strong but not very frequent. Very permanent and covalent bonds. THink straight/curly hair, caused by sulfide bonds.

Hydrogen bonds in tertiary structures of proteins

Not terribly strong but there are a LOT of them

Salt bridges

Fairly strong because it is an ionic bond. Not as strong as disulfide.

Hydrophobic interactions in tertiary structure of proteins

In center of protein generally. Non polar side chains interact, outside polar.

Quaternary protein

Assembly of multiple polypeptide chains into an intact, tetrameric protein

What is the only amino acid without chiral structures?

Glycine

How many possible codons?

How many amino acids do we have?

What combines with acetyl coa to start Krebs cycle?

Oxaloacetate.

When does amino acid behave like cation?

In an acidic solution

When does amino acid behave like an anion

In base

When is an amino acid neutral

Zwitterion

Which nitrogenous bases are purine?

Adenine | Guanine

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidine?

Uracil, cytosine, thymine

What does RNA polymerase do?

Synthesis of RNA by using dna as template. Uses one strand DNA to direct synthesis of RNA molecule.

What bond pairs nucleotides?

Hydrogen

Week 3 Flashcards

(84 cards)