week 1

Question 1

defne ageing

Answer 1

is the accumulation of changes in an organism or object over time.

Question 2

define senescence

Answer 2

is the normal process of changes in the body over time.

also known as primary aging

Question 3

what are the two main theories of aging

Answer 3

• Programmed Theory

* Error Theory (or Damage based Theory)

Question 4

whats programmed theory

Answer 4

predetermined ageing
includes
programmmed longevity
endocrine theory
immunological theory

Question 5

whats programmed longevity theory

Answer 5

where ageing is the result of certain genes being switched on or off, in sequence, over time.

Question 6

whats endocrine theory

Answer 6

where the biological clock acts through hormones to control the rate of ageing.

Question 7

whats immunological theory

Answer 7

where the immune system is programmed to decline over time. Leading to increased vulnerability to infectious diseases and death.

Question 8

whats error theory

Answer 8

ageing is resulted for damage from biomechanical and environmental factors.
includes:
wear and tear thoery
cross linking theory
free radicals theroy
somatic DNA damage theory

Question 9

whats wear and tear theory

Answer 9

where cells and tissues simply wear out from repeated use.

Question 10

whats cross linking theory

Answer 10

where accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues.

Question 11

whats free radicals theory

Answer 11

where free radicals cause damage to macromolecular components of cells, causing accumulative damage, impaired functioning and cell ageing.

Question 12

whats somatic DNA damage theory

Answer 12

Where accumulation of DNA damage to cells causes them to age. Telomeres have been shown to shorten with each successive cell division.

Question 13

whats aging determined by

Answer 13

genetic factors, but also heavily influenced by environmental factors such as diet, exercise, exposure to micro-organisms, pollutants and radiation.

Question 14

examples of primary aging (senescence)

Answer 14

• wrinked skill
• brain cells loss
• osteprosis

Question 15

whats secondary aging

Answer 15

The degenerative diseases which become more common as we age
eg
atherosclerosis
caners

Question 16

impacts to nervous system with aging

Answer 16

brain weights begins to define in 20s due to fluid loss and brain remodelling(strengthening connections we already have). reduction in blood supple

Question 17

what has research shown that can improve memory

Answer 17

environmental factors

expectation on memory decline

Question 18

what happens to the brain in dementia patients

Answer 18

neuronal loss may be less significant than changes in blood flow, receptor effectiveness and other changes in brain tissue.

Question 19

what happens to neurones with ageing

Answer 19

• neurons are lost those remaining show increased plasticity with lengthening axons and the sprouting of new dendrites.
• allows new synapses to become established between adjacent cells compensating for some age related neuron loss.
• decline in the synthesis of many neurotransmitters with age plus a decline in their receptors.
• can slow reaction times, impair information processing and also increase the risk of depression.

Question 20

changes in vision

Answer 20

lens:
-thickens,
• yellows,
• clouds and
• becomes less elastic
cornea thickens
pupil size reduced

Question 21

changes in accomodation

Answer 21

change in shape of the lens

Presbyopia.

Question 22

whats Presbyopia.

Answer 22

A form of hyperopia resulting from decreased elasticity of the lens.

Question 23

what changes within the lens

Answer 23

• Thickening of the lens reduces the amount of light that can pass through the lens.
• yellowing of the lens more light is necessary to stimulate the light receptors of the retina.
• Night vision becomes impaired.
• ability to differentiate between shades of blue, green and violet becomes impaired,

Question 24

define cataract

Answer 24

Clouding of the lens to any degree

Reduces & disperses light coming into the eye

Question 25

changes to pupil

Answer 25

Pupil becomes less responsive and has decreased ability to change size contributes to impaired night vision and poor visual acuity

Question 26

two categories of hearing loss

Answer 26

conductive | sensory neural

Question 27

whats conductive hearing loss

Answer 27

``` where conduction of sound waves through to the oval window is impaired. Causes: • Obstruction. Wax or foreign body. • Less pliable tympanic membrane. • Ossification of auditory ossicles ```

Question 28

whatssensory neural hearing loss

Answer 28

where nervous system reception of sound is impaired Causes: • Loss of stereocilia • Loss of neurones in the auditory cortex

Question 29

other changes with hearing

Answer 29

- high frequency hearing loss. Makes higher pitch harder to hear. - balance impairment: Changes in the vestibular system include • A progressive loss of hair cells • Degeneration of otiliths • A diminished number of vestibular nerve cells.

Question 30

changes in the cellular immune system

Answer 30

- loss function cell medicated immunity - increase in helper cells and decrease in supressor cells - elderly less protected against mycobacterial and viral infections

Question 31

changers to natural killler cells

Answer 31

decrease in number and/or effectiveness of NK cells

Question 32

changes in cardiovascular system

Answer 32

- Contractility of heart muscle isn’t affected with ageing - diastolic filling reduced - reduction in ventricular distensibility - Body responses less well when under stress such as exercise (heart rate)

Question 33

whats atherosclerosis

Answer 33

- a disease process - accumulation of macrophages and fibrous tissue causes damage to blood vessels - affects vessel wall disensibilty, so contributes to peripheral resistance thereofore blood pressure and therefore cardiac output - Atherosclerosis is not inevitable

Question 34

bararoreceptor changes

Answer 34

Baroreceptor reflex less efficient= decrease in blood pressure to brain when standing up

Question 35

changes to respiratory system

Answer 35

- gradual loss of elastic lung recoil. due to damage or loss of elastic fibres in the alveolar walls - compliance reduces

Question 36

changes to renal system

Answer 36

- Less able to deal with heat due to kidneys degeneration (dhydration) - Prostati hyperplasia-can cause problems with urine flow or cancer problems

Question 37

changes to gastrointestinal system

Answer 37

- food intake diminised due to decrease in energy requirements, slowing metabolism - taste reduced - smell reduced - peristalsis of the gut slows leading to consitpation - rise in the incidence of colon cancers

Question 38

define sarcopenia

Answer 38

muscle atrophy and decrease in mass

Question 39

changes in muscles as we age

Answer 39

Reduction in muscle fibre numbers and size • Increased fat deposits at expense of dense muscle tissue • Reduction in blood flow to major muscle groups • Reduction in motor neuron numbers • Decreased efficiency of mitochondria.

Question 40

changes to skeletal system

Answer 40

- reduction of activity often seen in older people contributes to decreasing bone mass. - stress of weight bearing exercises will continue to encourage osteoblasts to deposit calcium. So continued activity with age becomes very important.

Question 41

factors contributing to bone loss

Answer 41

* Reduction of oestrogen levels in women * Reduction of testosterone levels in men * Reduction in levels of growth hormone * Reduction in absorption of calcium and vitamin D * Slight increases in parathyroid hormone

Question 42

changes to joints

Answer 42

joints more prone to mechanical damage. | Flexibility of the joint decreases

Question 43

changes to the integument

Answer 43

Reduced contact between epidermis and dermis results in an epidermis that separates easily from dermis by simple trauma (epidermis can be easily peeled off by simple trauma).

Question 44

changes to reproductive system women

Answer 44

Menopause • The cessation of the normal menstrual cycle • Preceded by perimenopausal phase of varied duration. • Usually occurs between the ages of 45 – 55yrs the average being 51yrs in women in Australia . • Reduced oestrogen levels - reduced bone density - reduced vasomotor control (hot flushes).

Question 45

changes to reproductive system male

Answer 45

``` Andropause • Collection of gradual changes thought to be caused by a gradual decline in levels of circulating testosterone - increased body fat - reduced muscle masss - reduced bone mass ```

Question 46

regular exercise will improve

Answer 46

-muscle mass, strength and physical endurance • coordination and balance • joint flexibility and mobility • cardiovascular and respiratory function • bone strength • body fat levels • blood pressure • susceptibility to mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression • risk of various diseases including cardiovascular disease and stroke.