Week 1

Question 1

What is Evidence Based Practise?

Answer 1

the explicit, conscientious, and judicious use of current based evidence in making decisions about an individual patient and populations.

Question 2

Components of Quality Health Care

Answer 2

1. Safety (cause no harm from treatment)
2. Efficiency (value for money)
3. Effectiveness (treatment should have sustainable outcomes)
4. Equity (should have equal access to health care)
5. Patient Centeredness (patient is part of the decision making process, take them into account before treatments)
6. Timeliness (treatment provided should be given in a timely manner, not waiting for hours)

Question 3

Evidence types?

Answer 3

1. Research Evidence:
   The scientific demonstration of;
   - the effectiveness of particular interventions
   - the association between risk factors and outcome
   - the reliability and validity of measurements
2. Clinical Evidence
   - the opinion of one clinician and what they believe works
   - has bias

Question 4

4 Pillars of EBP

Answer 4

1. Research Evidence
2. Clinical Expertise
3. Patient Values (treating the patient as an individual and respecting their perspective - from cultural/personal views)
   - it has a huge impact on compliance with treatment, ability to afford treatment and the prognosis
4. Information from practise context (the environment; time/caseload, peers, money and resources, local socioeconomic factors)

Question 5

Philosophy of EBP

Answer 5

The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values

Question 6

Purpose of EBP?

Answer 6

1. Improve quality, effectiveness and appropriateness of clinical practise
2. share decision making with the client (treatment etc)
3. substantiates (provides evidence to prove) the care provided to patients
4. Reduce variations in practise patterns due to geographical difference or gaps in current knowledge

Question 7

EBP process

Answer 7

1. ASSESS the patient situation
2. ASK an answerable question
3. ACQUIRE the evidence
4. APPRAISE the evidence
5. APPLY the evidence

Question 8

Limitations of EBP

Answer 8

• need time to develop new skills
• limited time and resources
• shortage of coherent, consistent scientific evidence
• difficulty applying evidence to the care of individual patients

Question 9

Research Evidence sources

Answer 9

1. Primary evidence
   - data from actual real life subjects (people/animals)
   TYPES: quantitative or qualitative research
2. Secondary evidence
   - reviews of the literature (data gathered from published primary literature and summarised)
   TYPES: systematic or literature review
3. Opinion
   - random thoughts by experts that is supported by selected use of literature

Question 10

Primary Research Paradigms

Answer 10

1. Quantitative
   - measurement, something needs to be measured
   - includes research like bench top science, medication trials, epidemiology
2. Qualitative
   - when exploring and describing something in depth
   - people are different and are who they are due to culture, upbringing, experience
   - favours the view that there is no single reality (we all perceive things differently)
   - uses focus groups, interviews and observatoins

Question 11

Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative

Answer 11

QUANT then
QUAL
Purpose is to determine cause and effect relationship
Purpose is to describe a phenomena

Deductive (test a theory)
Inductive (generate theory)

Variables are controlled
No variables

no interaction between researchers and participants
Interaction between researchers and participants

Data are represented and summarised in numerical forms
Data are represented or summarised in narrative or verbal forms

Undertaken in natural or artificial and controlled environment
Undertaken in natural environment