week 1

Question 1

What is pharmacology

Answer 1

study of drugs

Question 2

what is pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

drugs on living tissue

Question 3

what is pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 4

what is pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 4

drugs in treating disease

Question 5

what is pharmacy

Answer 5

science of preparing, dispensing medicine

Question 6

what is posology

Answer 6

study of the amount of drug required to produce the therapeutic effects

Question 7

what is toxicology

Answer 7

harmful effects of drugs on living tissue

Question 8

what is a drug

Answer 8

any substance that, when administered to living organisms, produces a change in function

Question 9

what is therapeutic effect

Answer 9

desired effect to alleviate condition or symptom

Question 10

what is side effect

Answer 10

effect other than therapeutic, usually undesirable but NOT HARMFUL

Question 11

what is adverse effect

Answer 11

undesirable, potentially harmful drug effect

Question 12

what is toxic effect

Answer 12

undesirable drug effect, implies drug poisoning - very harmful or life threatening

Question 13

What is the receptor site

Answer 13

specific location on cell membrane or within cell where the drug attaches to produce an effect

Question 14

what is an agonist

Answer 14

bind to specific receptors, produce a drug action

Question 15

what is an antagonist

Answer 15

bind to specific receptor, but do not produce drug action ie// blocking drugs

Question 16

dose

Answer 16

exact amount of drug required to produce specific effect

Question 17

ceiling effect

Answer 17

point at which further dose increases = no further effect

Question 18

effective dose 50

Answer 18

dose will produce effect half of maximal response

Question 19

onset of action

Answer 19

time of first observable effect

Question 20

duration of action

Answer 20

length of time where drug concentration adequate to produce observable effects

Question 21

termination of action

Answer 21

time when drug no longer produces observable effects

Question 22

chemical name

Answer 22

name given to molecule, detailing bonding and structural details

Question 23

generic name

Answer 23

shorter name, often derived from chemical name ie// nonproprietary name

Question 24

trade name

Answer 24

trademarked name

ie// proprietary name

Question 25

4 categories of pharmacokinetics

Answer 25

absorption distribution metabolism excretion

Question 26

how must drugs be to cross cell-membranes

Answer 26

un-ionized

Question 27

acid drugs

Answer 27

unionized in acid environment - readily absorbed | acidic drugs ionized in alkaline environment

Question 28

basic drugs

Answer 28

unionized in alkaline environment | ionized in acidic environment

Question 29

3 factors that affect how much drug reaches organ/affected area of body

Answer 29

1) plasma protein binding - only unbound (free) drug molecules can exert pharmacological effect 2) blood flow - higher flow=high exposure 3) blood brain barrier - lipid soluble muscles and drugs can readily pass

Question 30

what is biotransformation

Answer 30

chemical alteration of drugs and foreign compounds

Question 31

what is the main organ that metabolizes drugs

Answer 31

liver

Question 32

first pass metabolism

Answer 32

PO drugs > stomach > portal circulation > liver > bloodstream

Question 33

DMMS

Answer 33

drug microsomal metabolizing system (enzymes in liver)

Question 34

enzyme induction

Answer 34

some drugs stimulate DMMS - make more enzymes - more enzymes for metabolism

Question 35

enzyme inhibition

Answer 35

certain drugs inhibit action and formation of DMMS | increased duration, intensity of inhibited drugs

Question 36

3 common pathways for drug excretion

Answer 36

renal (urine) - biggest path = water-soluble and ionized GI (feces) Respiratory (exhaled)

Question 37

half life

Answer 37

time required for blood/plasm concentration of drug to decrease to half of original level - liver and kidney disease have prolonged half life

Question 38

bioavailability

Answer 38

percentage of dose absorbed into bloodstream

Question 39

factors affecting bioavailability

Answer 39

drug formulation route factors affecting GI absorption

Question 40

loading dose

Answer 40

initial, higher dose given to attain therapeutic effect

Question 41

maintenance dose

Answer 41

follow up doses to stay in therapeutic range

Question 42

8 factors impacting individual variation

Answer 42

``` age - young and old are more sensitive weight sex - females have more body fat (may have increase reaction to medication) genetic variation emotional state placebo disease processes pt compliance ```