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Zoology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

5 characteristics of life

A 
1- energy transformation, gas exchange
2- complexity
3- reproduce/grow
4- response to stimuli
5- evolving
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2
Q

energy transformation

A

convert energy from one form to another form

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3
Q

examples of energy transformation

A

cellular respiration
photosynthesis
breathing
eating

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4
Q

complexity

A

higher level of organization

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5
Q

examples of complexity

A

complex organic molecules

cellular structures

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6
Q

reproduce/ grow

A

development

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7
Q

response to stimuli

A

movement

seasonality

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8
Q

does evolving occur on the same time scale as other characteristics?

A

no

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9
Q

zoology

A

the study of animals

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10
Q

what is an animal

A

heterotrophic
motile (at some point)
multicellular eukaryotes
any organism that develops from a blastula

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11
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells that forms after the first several cell divisions

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12
Q

is blastula unique to animals?

A

yes

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13
Q

how many of all described species are invertebrates?

A

95%

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14
Q

what approximation of all invertebrates are insects in the Phylum Athropoda?

A

3/4

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15
Q

what is the approximation of all vertebrates that are fish?

A

1/2

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16
Q

4 interrelated areas we will study

A

1- taxonic diversity of life
2- phylogenetic unity of life
3- functional diversity of life
4- structural diversity of life

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17
Q

taxonomic diversity of life

A

species and higher taxas

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18
Q

phylogenetic unity of life

A

all animals connected by common ancestry

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19
Q

functional diversity of life

A

how different groups cope with the basic demands of life on Earth in a variety of environments

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20
Q

structural diversity of life

A

how meeting these demands has led to different morphologies, physiologies, and behaviors

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21
Q

why study zoology

A

appreciation of biodiversity

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22
Q

what is the largest group of animals?

A

Anthropods

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23
Q

are mammals a relatively large part of the animal kingdom

A

no, they make up a small part

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24
Q

Humans depend on animals

A

1- food

2- ecological services

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25
humans are impacted by animals
1- invasive species | 2- diseases of other animals
26
how do humans get food from animals
indirectly or directly
27
examples of food
honey, dairy, meat, eggs, insects
28
what are some ecological services humans get from animals
population control of other animals | pollinations
29
examples of ecological services
bees, bats, birds pollinate crops parasitic wasp controls aphids wovles control deer poplation coral reef formation and services they provide
30
example of invasive species
zebra mussels
31
examples of diseases of other animals we interact with
fascioloides magna- infects sheep and other ruminants
32
examples of diseases of humans
elephantiasis- symptoms of lymphatic filariasis which is caused by nematode worm infection
33
are humans animals?
yes
34
reasons to study animals
1- humans depend on animals 2- humans are impacted by animals 3- humans are animals
35
how are all animals connected?
by common ancestry
36
what does understanding structure, function, ecology, and evolution of animals tell us?
how human characteristics came to be and how we fit in
37
can we track the appearance of various characteristics seen in humans through animal lineage and even earlier?
yes
38
characteristics of humans in other animals
``` sponges cnidarians annelids chordates bony fish amphibian nonavian reptile mammal primate ```
39
scientific method
``` 1- make an observation 2- ask a question 3- formulate a hypothesis 4- test hypothesis 5- draw conclusions 6- make findings known to others ```
40
proximate cause
how
41
ultimate cuase
why
42
proximate cause of lemurs
mosquitos repelled
43
ultimate cause of lemurs
fewer bites, less disease, more attractive mates, better survival, better chance of leaving more offspring
44
what is zoology interested in? proximate or ultimate cause
ultimate cause
45
evolution
descent with modification
46
what is evolution
change in the frequency of alleles with respect to other versions of the gene within a population
47
mechanisms for change
1- mutation 2- natural selection genetic drift migration or gene flow
48
genetic drift
genetic makeup of a population is reduced by random chance
49
migration or gene flow
individuals move between populations
50
evidence for evolution
fossil records comparative anatomy and embryology comparative biochemistry biogeography
51
what do fossil records provide evidence for?
perpetual change over time, and the fact that earth is very old
52
can we rely solely on fossil records?
no we can't
53
homology
lines of common descent lead to shared characteristics, inherited from a common ancestor
54
anaolgy
common environment or lifestyle can lead to superficially similar characteristics
55
vestigia
traits or structures that no longer function
56
comparative biochemistry
DNA and RNA
57
biogeography
Galapagos finches
58
comparative anatomy and embryology
homologies, vestigia
59
phylogeny
pattern of genealogical realtionships among species
60
phylogenetics
the study of phylogenetic relationships and the use of phylogenetic tress to elucidate evolutionary phenomena
61
taxonomy
the practice of recognizing, naming, and ordering groups
62
cladistic taxonomy
uses cladogram as the model for organizing and naming
63
example of taxonomy
linnaean taxonomy
64
Carl von Linne | 1707- 1778
"Carolus Linnaeus"
65
seminal work of Carl von Linne
Systema Naturea- 1758
66
what did Carl von Linne introduce
hierarchical classification and binomial nomenclature
67
is Carl von Linne system still used today?
yes
68
cladogram
more general than a phylogenetic tree, shows pattern of derived characters among groups
69
does cladogram indicate evolutionary time?
no
70
phylogenetic tree
branches indicate evolutionary time and show common ancestors
71
Tree terminology
``` 1- taxa/tips 2- nodes 3- branches 4- root 5-outgroup ```
72
taxa/tips
individual species
73
sister taxa
more recent ancestors with each other than other taxon
74
nodes
ancestors shared in common by specific groups of taxa
75
branches
genealogical continuity between ancestors and their descendants
76
root
lineage of the common ancestors of all these taxa, which orients us in time from the oldest common ancestor, to the most recent
77
outgroup
related to all species here but not part of interest
78
amphioxus
small marine animals found widely in the coastal waters of the warmer parts of the world and less commonly in temperate waters
79
monophyletic
group includes most recent common ancestor and all descendants,
80
paraphyletic
includes most recent common ancestor and SOME descendants
81
polyphyletic
doesn't include most recent common ancestor of all members of the group
82
what is monophyletic synonymous with
clade
83
what does polyphyletic have
has at least 2 evolutionary origins
84
reading trees
tip doesn't matter, relationship does tip order does not reflect time tips are not ancestors space between tips and branches have no meaning length of branches can have multiple meanings
85
branches length meanings
simplest form- no inherent meaning except lineage amount of evolutionary change time since common ancestryd
86
parisomy
other things being equal, a simpler explanation is better than a more complex one
87
is homoplasy the same as analogous characteristics
yes
88
what is convergent evolution
a type of homoplasy
89
what are the arm bones in all tetrapods
homologous
90
synomorphies
a homologous trait this is shared among certain species and is similar because it was modified in a common ancestor
91
what are synamorphies
shared, derived trains
92
adaptive zone
characteristic reaction and mutual relationship between environment and organism, a way of life and not a place where life is led
93
grade
taxon forming a distinct adaptive zone

Zoology (7 decks)

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