Week 4 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
list of phlya so far
A
protozoa metazoa parazoa eumetazoa radiata bilateria
2
Q
two major groups within bilateria
A
protostomes
deuterostomes
3
Q
two major groups of protostomes
A
lophotrochozoa
ecdysozoa
4
Q
coelum
A
internal fluid filled body cavity
5
Q
pseudocoelomates
A
have fluid filled cavity but mesoderm only lines outside, not gut
6
Q
acoelomate
A
the only cavity is the gut tube, mesoderm region is solid tissue
7
Q
pseudocoelomates
A
mesoderm inside the ectoderm, but digestive tract is not lined with mesoderm
8
Q
coelomate
A
see the tube within a tube
9
Q
cephalization
A
concentrate sense organs in one area (head) along with the control of the nervous system (brain)
better to know where one is going than where one has been
10
Q
triploblastic bilateria
A
fate of blastopore
cleavage pattern of embryo
origin of coelomic cavity, if present
regulation of embryo development
11
Q
fate of blastopore
A
a protostome (blastopore to mouth) b deuterostome (blastopore to anus)
12
Q
cleavage pattern of embryo
A
a protostome- sprial
b deuterostome- radial
13
Q
origin of coelomic activty, if present
A
a protostome- schizocoely
b deuterostome- enterocoely
14
Q
regulation of embryo development
A
a protostome- mosaic (split embryo to death)
b deuterostome- regulative (split embryo to multiple embryo)
15
Q
can protostome and deuterostome be grouped on evolutionary relationships and make monophyletic clades
A
yes
16
Q
are diploblastic organisms acoelmate
A
no, they are not
17
Q
are three major body plans make up clades
A
no
18
Q
lophotrochozoa
A
groups with trochopore
19
Q
ecdysozoa
A
groups with ecdyse or shed their integument
20
Q
phylum platyhelminthes characteristics
A
“flatworms”- body flattened dorso-ventrally
acoelomate
protostome- one opening to digestive tract
bilaterians
mostly aquatic or parasitic
typically posses flame cells (protonephridia)
21
Q
acoelomate protostome bilaterians
A
lack a coelom, mesoderm fills in space between ectoderm and endoderm, no fluid filled space
22
Q
where does phlyum platyhelminthes live
A
marine and freshwater environments, some on land but require pretty moist environment
23
Q
aquatic
A
water
24
Q
marine
A
saltwater
25
what do platyhelminthes have on cnidarians
organ level of organization
cepahlization, some centralization of nervous system
digestive & excretory systems
26
what do platyhelminthes not have
respiratory system or circulatory system- still rely on diffusion
27
what makes diffusion possible in platyhelminthes
their flattened body
28
how does digestion work in turbellarians
they are predators, extracellular digestion via enzymes followed by intracellular digestion
have one opening gut, food waste is just spit out
29
where is mouth on a turbellarian
not on the head but on end of the pharynx that extends form mid- body
30
is the pharynx eversible
yes
31
eversible
can be extended
32
intestine in turbellarians
may be simple or branched in different species
33
do tapeworms have a digestive system
no, they absorb nutrients from host intestines through their tegument
34
parachyma
cellular, mesodermally derived true tissue
35
ectoderm
epidermis, sensory and nervous structures
36
mesoderm
musculature, gonads, parachyma
37
endoderm
gut wall
38
where is ectoderm seen
free living species
39
rhabdites
secrete mucus- mostly seen in free living groups
40
viscid and releasing glands (dual gland adhesive organs)
good for adhering to surfaces and then quickly detaching
41
anchor cells
two viscid glands and one releasing gland lie in parachyma, attached to a nerve
organism anchors to microvilli to substrate using excretions of viscid glands, then detatches by excretionsof releasing glands
42
where is ciliated cellular epidermis seen
free living groups
43
where is ectoderm - syncytial tegument seen
in parasitic forms
44
what is syncytial tegument
many nuclei occur within a single, continuous cell membrane,
non-ciliated protective layer, involve din host-parasite interactions, serves secretory and absorptive functions
45
neodermata
new skin, referring to this syncytial tegument
46
are rhabodites found in neodermata
no
47
flame cells
protonephridia
| primarily for osmoregulation
48
protonephridia
first kidney
49
where can seletive reabsorption take place
along tube cell before exiting nephriodiopore
50
how does excretory system work
flagella beat and create negative pressure to draw water and waste products in through small perforations in weir
51
ganglion
simple anterior brain
52
rheoreceptors
detect water currents
53
statocysts
equilibrium
54
sense organs
ocelli
auricles
statocysts
rheoreceptors
55
how does the nervous system work in planaria
longitudinal nerve cords in pairs, carry nerve impulses to muscles, allowing coordinated activity
56
what does planaria represent with the central nervous system
simplest living animals with a CNS
57
platyhelminth reproduction
asexual
| sexual
58
sexual reproduction in platyhelminth
most are hermaphroditic (monoecious)- some are dioecious
use cross- fertilzation
direct development in free-living & forms with single host
endoparasites have complicated life cycles & multiple hosts
59
asexual reproduction in platyhelminth
fission- binary, schizogeny
60
what do neoblasts allow
for planaria and other turbellarians to reproduce asexually via fission
61
neoblasts
adult stem cells, can also allow regeneration
62
pluripotent
cells that can generate any cell type
63
how much of planarian genes have human counterparts
about half
64
4 classes of Phylum Platyhelminths
Class Turbellaria
Class Trematoda
Class Monogenea
Class Cestoda
65
Class turbellaria
free living
66
Class Trematoda
endoparastic flukes
67
Class Monogenea
ectoparastic flukes
68
Class Cestoda
tapeworms (endoparastic)
69
non- Turbellaria
all parastic, can be grouped together in the Neodermata due to presence of tegument
70
Class Turbellaria characteristics
4,500 species
mostly free living
5mm-60cm long
most have ciliated epidermis
71
how does Class Turbellaria move
move by cilia, muscular undulations, or both
| utilize mucus slime track and adhesive organs
72
life cycle of Class Turbellaria
simple, generally no direct development,
| no distinct larval stages, juveniles hatch as miniature adults
73
is it more energetically taxing to maintain both sexes
| Class Turbellaria
yes
74
what is the advantage of maintaining both sexes
| Class Turbellaria
if there is not a lot of mates since mating will produce fertilization in both partners
75
penis fencing in flatworms
| Class Turbellaria
one tries to stab the other to inseminate without getting inseminated itself
76
Class Trematoda Characteristics
20,000 species
| flukes, all parastic
77
what are most Class Trematoda endoparasites of
vertebrates
78
what are some adaptations Class Trematoda have for parastitism
non-ciliated, synctial tegument- protective
feed by rasping host tissue, feeding on bile
penetration glands
suckers & hooks
glands to produce cyst material
increased reproductive capacity
79
where are organs involved in penetration of host tissues of Class Trematoda found
in cercaria
80
attatchment organs in Class Trematoda
two suckers are characteristic
81
why does Class Trematoda produce cysts
so larvae can encyst in tissues
82
major features seen in general in parasites
high reproductive output
| put out a lot of eggs and embryos
83
why do parasites ouput a lot of eggs and embryos
not a great chance they will make it to next host so high output helps their chances
84
what is a sign of a good parasite
high reproductive output
| not killing your host
85
Class Trematoda, Subclass Dignea complex lifecycle
at least 2 hosts
1-3 intermediate hosts (usually includes snails at some point) reproduce asexually
definitive vertebrate host- reproduce sexually
86
how many stages does Class Trematoda, Subclass Dignea have
can have as many as 7 life stages
87
how does the Class Trematoda, Subclass Dignea life cycle work
fertilization within vertebrate, eggs excreted( in urine or feces)
eggs hatch and form free living stage of life cycle
miracidium infects intermediate host- snail by active or passive transmission
undergoes asexual reproductin in intermediate host by sporocyst
sporocysts create redia
redia form cercaria
cercaria can infect definitive hosts by several routes- schistosmoa, can invade second intermediate host, form metacercaria, then be eaten by definitive host
88
miracidium
free living stage of life cycle
89
active transmission
free swimming miracidium disperse and penetrate intermediate host
90
passive transmission
eggs with miracidia eaten and hatch within intermediate host
91
cercaria
free swimming
92
schistosoma
burrows directly into skin
93
Class Monogenea characteristics
1,000 species
flukes, all parasitic- mostly ectoparasties on fish, have opisthaptor
simple life cycle
94
opisthaptor
attatchment organ, posterior
95
live cycle of Class Monogenea
egg> ciliated larva> attach to host
96
what do ectoparasites require?
well developed attachment organs
97
where does Class Monogenea live mostly
on gills or skin of fish
| one species does infect mammals by parasitizing the eye of hippopotamus
98
what does Class Monogenea feed on
blood, mucus, and epithelial cells of host
99
does Class Monogenea cause a lot of damage
not usually, unless there are excessive parasite loads
100
Class Cestoda characteristics
```
tapeworms
3,500 species
no digestive system
scolex for attachment
proglottids (strobilla)
at least 2 hosts in life cycle
```
101
what kind of definitive host does Class Cestoda have
vertebrate
102
how does Class Cestoda absorb nutrients without a digestive system
absorb nutrients from host via diffusion, microtriches
103
what is the most common tapeworm species that infects humans
Taenia
104
how do you get tapeworms
by eating undercooked meat such as beef and fish
105
for Taenia who is the definitive and intermediate hosts
definitive host- humans
| intermediate host- pigs or cows
106
life cycle of Taenia
eggs shed in human feces, ingested by pig or cow, larva migrate to muscles and encyst
cysts in undercooked meet or raw meat leads to infection in humans
107
how can cysticercosis occur in humans
if human ingests eggs and acts as intermediate, or if proglottid ruptures within human host eggs hatch, can lead to painful spot in muscles and also cysts in brain
