Week 2 Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
do unicellular eukaryotes have tissues or organs?
A
no
2
Q
what do unicellular eukaryotes have?
A
specialized organelles to perform different functions
3
Q
what can special features of unicellular eukaryotes organelles be defining characteristics for?
A
different unicellular eukaryote clades
4
Q
what do some of these unicellular eukaryote organelles resemble?
A
prokaryotic organisms (membranes DNA)
5
Q
are cells basic units of life?
A
yes
6
Q
does having larger organisms without cellular differentiation work ?
A
no
7
Q
example of large organisms without cellular differentiation that work
A
some marine algae
8
Q
what does multicellularity allow
A
larger size and other advantages
9
Q
protoplasmic
A
single celled eukaryotes
10
Q
what can colonials have
A
not specialized, multicellular organisms have some specialization, such as for reproduction
11
Q
cell-tissue
A
similar cells collect into tissues that perfrom specific function
12
Q
tissue- organ
A
organs usually multiple kinds of tissue and have more specialized function than tissues
13
Q
organ system
A
organs working together to perform functions
14
Q
levels of organization
A
cytoplasmic cellular cell-tissue tissue-organ organ-system
15
Q
example of cytoplasmic
A
unicellular eukaryotes
16
Q
example of cellular
A
colonial protists, sponges
17
Q
example of cell-tissue
A
Cnidarians (jellies, corals, anemones)
18
Q
example of tissue-organ
A
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
19
Q
example of organ-system
A
most other animal groups
20
Q
types of body symmetry
A
none, radial, bilateral, spherical, asymmetry
21
Q
metazoa
A
“along with/ among animals”
eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs with differentiated cells, generally synonymous with “animals”
22
Q
Kingdom Animalia
A
metazoans
23
Q
4 characteristics of animals
A
1- heterotrophic
2- motile (at some point)
3- multicellular eukaryotes
4- any organism that develops from a blastula
24
Q
when do fossil records indicate first appearance of metozoa?
A
700 MYA
25
what did metazoa likely evolve from?
colonial protist choanoflagellate
26
choanoflagellates
1- single- celled and some colonial, flagellates, protozoa
2- often spherical with long flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli, very similar to a layer of flagellated cells found in sponge body
3- over time, teamed up to more efficiently filter water and get food
4- many gene families in common with animals
27
protozoa-
"first animal"
| unicellular
28
are protozoa technically animals?
no
29
what does studying protozoa help us understand?
origins of animals
30
does protozoa have a huge or small diversity?
huge
31
what are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
32
what do protists make up several of?
groups, mostly unicellualr, mostly microscopic eukaryotes
33
how many protozoa named?
64,000 species
34
are protozoa a monophyletic group?
no
35
is "protozoa" formal or informal?
informal
36
what are protists
any eukaryote that is not an animal, fungus, or plant
37
protoplasmic
complex, semifluid, translucent substance that constitutes the interior matter of a living cell and is composed of proteins, fats, and other molecules suspended in water. It includes the cytoplasm, the nucleus in eukaryotes, and organelles such as mitochondria
38
what do characteristics do protists specialized organelles have?
no germ layer present, no organs or tissues
39
are protozoa one group?
no, divided up into many different groups
40
are choanoflagellates aniamals?
no, they are a sister group to metazoa (animals)
41
how did eukarya evolve?
primary due to endosymbiosis
42
mitochondria
proteobacterium able to derive energy from carbon compounds using oxygen produced by cyanobacteria
anaerobic bacterium that engulfed this proteobacterium developed ability to survive in oxygen-rich environment produced as cynaobacterium multiplied
43
plastid
cynobacterium, primary endosymbiosis of photosynthetic cyanobacterium led to plants
44
what evidence do we have that eukarya evolved from endosymbosis?
mitochondria have their own cell membranes, have their own DNA, and reproduce via fission
45
is archaea more closely related to eukaryotes or bacteria?
to eukaryotes
46
endosymbosis
organism living inside another
47
protozoa form and function
```
defense
locomotion
nutrition
osmoregulation
reproduction
```
48
what do protozoa use for defense?
extrusomes such as trichocysts
| test, pellicle,
49
what do predatory protists use?
toxicysts in capturing prey
50
extrusomes
membrane-bound organelles that extrude something from cell
51
test
hard shell of calcium carbonate or silica
| protection from predators, potentially, but in some cases can also protect from dry habitats
52
pellicle
actin microfilaments reinforce cell membrane,
| not so much to help keep them from being eaten but makes the cell a bit more resilient to damage
53
defense mechanisms of protozoa
extrusomes
test
pellicle
54
is flagella and cilia structurally the same?
yes
55
how does cilia propel water?
parallel to cell surface
56
how does flagella propel water?
parallel to axis of flagellum
57
are cilia and flagella "unidulipodia"?
yes
58
sliding tubule hypothesis
small arms of periphral tubule pairs powered by ATP, walk along adjacent microtubules bending of flagellum/cilium due to resistance of "spokes"
59
what does cytoplasmic streaming do to pseudopodia?
pushes it forward through gel/sol transitioning
endoplasm flows into ectoplams cap, crosslinks to form gel-liek ectoplasm, at back end transitions back to sol. requires substrate to pull body forward
60
what is the chief means of locomotion in ameboid cells
pseudopodia
61
different forms of pseudopodia
lobopodia
filopodia
reticulopodia
axopodia
62
lobopodia
large, blunt extensions
63
filopodia
thin extenstions
64
teticulopodia
repeatedly rejoinn to form net-like mesh
65
axopodia
contain rod of microtubules
66
how do protozoa get food
some have plastids obtained from endosymbiosis and are autotrophs, some need to get thieir food and are heterotrophs
67
are protozoa exclusively autotrophs or herterotrophs
no
68
2 basic modes of heterotrophy
1- phagotrophs
| 2- osmotrophs
69
phagotrophs (halozoic feeders)
ingest "visibble" particles
70
osmotrophs (saprozoic feeders)
ingest food in soluble form
71
what does holozoic nutrition use?
phagocytosis
72
phagocytosis
membrane invaginates around a food particle
73
cytosome
"cell mouth"
74
what happens during phagocytosis?
food is enclosed in a food vacuole, lysosomes fuse and dump enzymes in to digest contests
75
osmoregulation
in freshwater, concentration of solutes inside of cell is higher than outside, water enters the cell and causes swelling and possible burst
76
what do contractile vacuoles do?
pump ions in, water follows, release to outside of cells
77
what do unicellular organisms use diffusion for?
exchange materials with environment
78
can diffusion be a problem?
yes, depending on the environment
79
how do protozoa reproduce?
asexual or sexual
80
protozoa asexual reproduction
via fission- (binary fission, budding, schizogeny, sporogeny)
81
protozoa sexual reproduction
via syngamy (autogamy or conjugation)
82
sporogeny
forming spores
83
syngamy
fertilization of one gamete by another to form a zygote
84
what is standard fertilization for protozoa?
syngamy
85
autogamy
gametic nuclei arise and fuse to form zygote inside parent organisms
86
conjugation
exchange of gametic nuclei between paired organisms
87
can protozoa have complex life cycles?
yes, they can have alternating sexual and asexual stages
88
7 important "protozoan" groups
```
1- metamonada
2- euglenozoa
3- stramenopiles/heterokonta
4- alveolata
5- plantae/archaeplastida
6- amoebozoa
7- opsithokonta
```
89
is metamonada a settled group?
no
90
what unites Retortomonada, Diplomonada, and Parabasalids?
lack of mitochondria,
91
does Retortomonada, Diplomonada, and Parabasalids make up a monophyletic group?
no
92
Fornicata group
Retortomonada and Diplomonada appear to be closely related and probably make up a monophyletic group
93
what are ameobas?
recurrent body form, showing up in several different groups
94
examples of metamonada group
Trichonympha and Mixotricha
95
what is Trichonympha and Mixotricha?
Parablasids, which are common endosymbionts found in termite and cockroach guts
96
what is metamonda similar to?
rumen ciliates in that they help termites and cockroaches break down cellulose in wood
97
what does Trichonympha have?
its own endosymbiotic bacteria that produce cellulase to break down wood fibers, and other symbiotic bacteria that help them move around and produce energy in place of mitochondria
98
Euglenozoa (protozoa group)
microtubules beneath plasma membrane stiffen membrane into a pellicle
99
what variety of organisms are included in
parasites, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs
100
what in euglenids are secondarily derived?
chloroplasts when present
101
what are chloroplasts in euglenis most closely related to?
green algae
102
what do many euglenids have?
stigma, or eyespot
103
what is Euglena
mixotroph
104
what is a mixotroph?
can use photosynthesis when light is present but in dark the plastids shrink up and they can take up nutrients from environment
105
kinetoplast
many copies of mitochondrial DNA in single oversized mitochondrion
106
what is kinetoplast possible involved in?
changing metabolism associated with parasite life cycle stages
107
stramenopiles
heterokonts
| "staw-like"
108
what is the most important producer in marine photosyntheis?
diatoms
109
heterokonts
two different flagella
110
what is considered to be in Stramenopiles group?
diatoms, brown and yellow algae
111
examples of brown algae
kelp, wakame, and kombu
112
what are yellow algae generally?
unicellular part of plankton community
113
is brown algae multicellular or unicellular?
multicellular
114
diatoms
unicellular, photosynthetic microalgae with cell wall of silica
115
how much do diatoms contribute to oceanic primary production of organic material
up to 45%
116
are diatoms a crucial component of carbon cycle?
yes, they reduce atmospheric CO2, produce 20% of oxygen on the planet
117
what is kelp?
a large macroalgae
118
what brown algae is edible?
wakame and kombu
119
alveoli
membrane-bound vesicles supporting membrane and forming a stiff but flexible pellicle
120
three major groups of alveolata
ciliophora
dinoflagellata
apicomplexa
121
ciliophora
posses cilia at some state
122
examples of ciliophora
Paramecium, Stentor, Vorticella
123
Dinoflagellata
"red tides"
124
example of Dinoflagellata
zooxanthellae
125
Apicomplexa
endoparastic, have apical complex
126
examples of Apicomplexa
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma
127
where is ciliophora common?
almost anywhere water is
128
how many species of ciliophora
3,500 described, 30,000 total
129
what is ciliophora to protozoa?
one of the largest and most complex
130
ciliophora
presence of cilia, which beat synchronously and aid in locomotion and obtaining food
131
how is cilia on ciliophora
in rows, tufts, spirals, or sheets
132
what makes up a large percentage of the endosymboints of ruminants and help to digest cellulose fibers
certain ciliates
133
what does increased nutrient loading from human activity lead to in Dinoflagellata
blooms or "red tides"
134
what can dinoflagellata blooms produce?
toxins which can adversely effect fish, shellfish industry, and poison humans
135
what can happen when dinoflagellata blooms die off?
deplete oxygen in environment and suffocate marine life
136
are dinoflagellatea that is bioluminescent toxic
no
137
what is bioluminescent blooms used for?
defense mechanism,
used to startle or ward off predators, kind of like a "burglar alarm" attracts attention to predator which may then be subject to predation by higher trophic levels
138
where can Dinoflagellata live as mutualists?
protozoa, anemones, corals, and clams
139
what does rise in water temperature lead to?
loss of zooxanthellae and coral bleaching
140
plantae (Archaeplastida)
plants and their relatives,
| vascular plants, bryophytes, green algae, red algae, glaucophytes
141
where is chloroplasts in Plantae derived?
from primary endosymboisis and cynobacterium
142
Viridiplantae (green plants)
green algae, bryophytes, vascular plants
143
what is plantae in broad sense
Archaeplastida- green plants, plus red algae and glaucophytes
144
what is plantae in strict sense
Viridiplantae- green plants( green algae and land plants)
145
bryophytes
non-vascular plants (mosses, hornworts, liverworts)
146
glaucophytes
small group of rare freshwater microscopic algae, may be basal than rest of Archaeplastida
147
basal
similar to common anscestor
148
examples of unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms of green algae
Chlamydomonas, Gonium, and Volvox
149
characteristics of Amoebas
pseudopodia
phagocytosis
may have a "test"
150
what makes up many limestone and chalk deposits?
Foraminiferans with their tests
151
heterolobosea
includes "brain-eating" ameba Naegleria fowleri
152
Naegleria fowleri
Lives in warm water and causes amebic meningoencephalitis when water is inhaled. Migrates along olfactory nerve to brain and causes hemorrhage and necrosis, nearly always resulting in death.
153
Amoebozoa are?
unikonts (when flagella present), sister group to opsithokonta
154
opisthokonta
pole/flagellum
155
what are considered opsithokonta?
fungi, choanoflagellates, aimals
156
characteristics of opisthokonta?
one posterior flagellum (when present)
157
choanoflagellates
sister group to animals, very similar to cells in sponges
158
what does a collar of microvilli surrounding a flagellum do?
beating of flagellum moves water through collar where food particles are filtered and collected
159
trichocyst
any of numerous minute rodlike structures, each containing a protrusible filament, found near the surface of ciliates and dinoflagellates
160
what helps to keep water out of a protozoa when there is too much
contractile vacuole
161
if a unicellular eukaryote is in a well suited environment will it sexually or asexually reproduce
asexually
162
if a unicellular eukaryote is in a an environment it is not well suited for what type of sexual reproduction will it use?
sexual
