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218: Patho Part II > Week 1: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Week 1: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three layers of the heart tissue?

A

Endocardium myocardium epicardium

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2
Q

inner lining

A

Endocardium

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3
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Myocardium

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4
Q

Fibrous outer layer

A

Epicardium

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5
Q

What is the heart surrounded by?

A

The heart is surrounded by a fourth layer known as the pericardial sac

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6
Q

This structure divides the heart into left and right sides

A

The septum divides the heart into left and right sides

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7
Q

Why are the walls of the ventricles much thicker than the atria?

A

The walls of the ventricles are much thicker than the atria because the ventricles need to create blood pressure

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8
Q

Chord tendineae

A

This structure found in the heart attaches both the tricuspid and bicuspid or mitral valve to the papillary muscles on the ventricular walls.

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9
Q

This heart structure prevents atrial valve eversion when the ventricles contracts and chamber pressure increases.

A

Chordae tendineae

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10
Q

What two valves found in the heart prevent blood from flowing back into the heart?

A

The pulmonary and the aortic valve prevents blood from flowing back into the heart.

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11
Q

In order to function, the heart requires a flow of blood separate from the blood that flows through the heart chambers. What is this circuit called?

A

This circuit is known as the coronary circulation and is composed of coronary arteries and veins

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12
Q

The vessels of the right coronary circulation system supply nutrients to this center of the heart.

A

The right coronary circulation system supplies nutrients to major nerve impulse conduction centers found in the heart

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13
Q

Explain how electrical current travels through the heart to produce the contractility of the organ.

A

FIND ANSWER HERE

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14
Q

Electrocardiogram: the P wave

A

P wave: SA node fires. Atria depolarize

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15
Q

Electrocardiogram: QRS

A

QRS: AV nodes fire. Ventricles depolarize

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16
Q

Electrocardiogram: T

A

T: ventricles repolarize

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17
Q

Electrocardiogram: U

A

U: indicates a problem with ventricular repolarization likely due to electrolyte (potassium, magnesium, calcium)

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18
Q

What is it called when the heart contracts?

A

Systole: “systemic-pressure making”

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19
Q

What is it called when the heart relaxes?

A

Diastole: “dilation”

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20
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

cardiac output is a measure of volume of blood that flows through the heart in one minute

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21
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output: stroke volume X heart rate

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22
Q

What is the normal range of cardiac index (amount of blood per minute)?

A

2.8-4.2 liters/minute

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23
Q

What is the preload?

A

Preload is the volume of blood that is in the ventricle before the heart contracts at the beginning of systole.

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24
Q

What is contractility?

A

Contractility is the degree of contraction is required to empty the ventricle

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25
What is the after load?
The afterload is the ventricular pressure at the end of systole
26
What are the four structures make up the composition of vessel walls?
Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules and veins
27
Arteries
Arteries are muscular walls that expand and recoil to propels oxygenated blood forward, mainly from the heart.
28
arterioles
Arterioles are a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries. They dictate how blood flow volume variances among venules and veins.
29
Out of the four structures that make up the composition of vessel walls which one is known as the major control mechanisms?
Arterioles
30
What are capillaries ?
A thin layer of endothelial cells found between an artery and a vein that exchange cellular nutrients and metabolic end products, such as carbon dioxide
31
What are venules and veins?
Venules and veins prevent back flow. Venules correspond with arterioles to ensure the proper blood amount and exchange is occurring. Venules branch into veins. Arterioles feed into the arteries.
32
What structure/s of the body is responsible for blood flow?
Bloodflow is largely based on surroundings skeletal muscle groups contractions and contractions of the thoracic cavity
33
What system excites the cardiovascular system. What neurotransmitters trigger this response ?
The cardiovascular system is excited by the sympathetic nervous system and is triggered by epinephrine no epinephrine, which is stimulated by the beta-adrenergic receptors
34
The cardiovascular system is inhibited by what system?
The cardiovascular system is inhibited by the parasympathetic nervous system
35
The control of the blood vessel diameter is mainly controlled by which system: the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system
36
What receptors are responsible for controlling the diameter of blood vessels?
Alphaadrenergic receptors in the vessel walls are responsible for controlling the dilation of blood vessels
37
What receptors respond to blood pressure increases or decreases and how do they respond to the sympathetic or the parasympathetic nervous system?
Baroreceptors respond to blood pressure increases or decreases by inhibiting or exiting the SNS or the PNS
38
Excitatory receptors found in the aortic arch and carotid body.
Chemoreceptors
39
What changes in the body occurr to stimulate the chemoreceptors to increase cardiac output?
Decreased oxygen or increased CO2 stimulate chemoreceptors to increase cardiac output
40
What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is the measure of the force of blood against the arterial walls
41
What is the name of the sound we hear as we compress and auscultate the artery?
Korotkoff sounds
42
What is the mean arterial pressure?
The mean arterial pressure is the average of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure with time taken into account
43
What occurs to the amount of collagen in the heart as we age and what effect does this have on heart function?
The amount of collagen increases as we age which decreases the elastic content and reduces heart contractility resulting in decreased cardiac output
44
As we age the number of B-adrenergic receptors decreasing, resulting in this.
a decreased response to sympathetic nervous system
45
As we age, lipid deposit accumulate on cardiac valves. What effect does this have on the function of the heart?
As lipid deposits accumulate on the cardiac valves the valves become stiff and thicker, which decreases the diameter which increases the flow of resistance
46
What causes an increase in the systolic blood pressure as we age?
Stiffer arteries and increased sensitivity to vasopressin causes vascular constriction which results in higher systolic blood pressure
47
What key areas of subjective data must unders obtain in order to assess the cardiovascular system?
- Health history - Medications that affect cardiovascular performance - past surgeries
48
The systolic difference of greater than 15mmHG between supine and standing positions indicates a pathological condition known as this
Orthostatic hypotension
49
What objective assessments would you perform as a nurse when doing a cardiovascular assessment on an individual?
- examine skin for edema, capillary refill - palpation of radial and dorsals pedals pulses - auscultation of the arteries
50
What are heaves and what medical condition do they indicate?
Heaves are abnormal sustained lifts of the chest wall in the pericardial area that can be seen or palpated. Heaves indicate ventricular enlargement
51
What are electrocardiogram's ECG's?
Electrocardiograms are tests designed to test the electrical impulse conduction through a heart
52
What values are expected for someone experiencing hypertension?
Systolic: >140mmHg Diastolic: >90mmHg
53
What values are expected for someone expiring prehypternsion?
Systolic: 135-139mmHg Diastolic: 85-89mmHg
54
Name four complications of high blood pressure.
1. MI 2. stroke 3. renal failure 4. atherosclerosis
55
What is the main component of systemic vascular resistance?
The main component of systemic vascular resistance is the decreasing blood vessel diameter as blood advances through the CV system
56
What's center controls arterial diameters?
Vasomotor centres controll arterial diametes in response to baroreceptors
57
What four systems of the body regulate blood pressure?
1. nervous 2. cardiovascular 3. renal 4. endocrine
58
What changes occur in the sympathetic nervous system in response to low blood pressure?
The SNS accelerates the heart rate and stimulates the release of rennin in the kidneys
59
Chronotopic drugs influence
heart rate cHRonotropic
60
inotropic drugs influence
inotropic drugs influence the hearts contractility
61
dromotropic drugs influence
dromotropic drugs influence the conduction of electrical impulses or nerve conductivity
62
What organ responds when the blood pressure is low and what does it do?
The kidneys respond when the blood pressure is low secreting renin, an enzyme that increases blood pressure
63
This type of medication inhibits the secretion of renin which lowers the blood pressure
ACE-inhibitors
64
What is the primary and secondary affect of ADH?
primary is to reduce serum-osmolality and secondary is to raise blood pressure
65
What are some symptoms of hypertension?
- fatigue - activity intolerance - palpitations - angina - dyspnea - dizziness
66
Name a few diseases that are caused by chronic hypertension specific to certain organs.
``` hypertensive heart disease cerebrovascular disease peripheral vascular nephroscelrosis retinal damage ```
67
What are the three hypertensive heart diseases?
coronary artery disease Left ventricular hypertrophy Heart failure
68
What is atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque mainly in the bifurcation of the carotid artery.
69
What is and Transient ischemic attack
a transient ischemic attack is when the blockage of plaque is temporary in the arteries
70
What is a ischemic stroke?
an ischemic stroke is when the plaque remains in the arteries
71
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when the blockage causes a localized increase in blood pressure that breaks through the vessel walls
72
What is the average amount of blood contracted through the body in one minute?
4.2-4.8L of blood minute
73
What is a common side effect of antihypertensive medications?
Sexual dysfunction is a common side effect of antihypertensive medications
74
Beta cells in the heart are_____ cells and alpha cells in the blood vessels are ______ In other words, what is there action on each structure?
excitatory | vasoconstrictors
75
What is angiotensin 2?
Angiotensin 2 is a poten vasoconstrictor converted by ACE
76
suffix lol
beta-blockers
77
suffix ril
ACE inhibitors
78
suffix sin
alpha-blockers
79
Cardiac output equation
CO= SV x HR
80
What is the main difference between an artery and a vein?
A vein has valves that help prevent the back flow of blood.
81
An increase in aldosterone causes the following effects.
- increased Na+ reabsorption - increase in h20 reabsorption - increase blood volume - increase cardiac output

218: Patho Part II (8 decks)

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