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Phase 1 Medicine > Week 1 - Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Week 1 - Cells and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What the 3 main feature of eukaryotic cells

A

They have sub-cellular compartments
These organelles are usually membrane bound apart from ribosomes
They are specialised for unique function

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2
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed by

A

The nuclear envelope with an inner and outer membrane containing pores

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3
Q

What is the nuclear lamina

A

Structural mesh that lays underneath the nuclear membrane and supports it

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4
Q

What is chromatin

A

DNA combined within other proteins mostly histones which form the chromosomes

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5
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

Site of ribosomal RNA and RNA synthesis

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6
Q

Name 5 subunits you will find in the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
cholesterol
carbohydrates
proteins
lipid/membrane rafts

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7
Q

How is the mitochondria composed (4)

A

Outer membrane
Inter-membrane space
Inner membrane (cristae)
Matrix

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8
Q

Two main roles of mitochondria

A

ATP production
Apoptosis

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9
Q

What happens when cytochrome c is localised to inner membrane

A

It can allow the production of energy

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10
Q

What happens when cytochrome c is released into the cytosol

A

It initiates apoptosis

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11
Q

4 main functions of RER

A

Protein synthesis
Protein folding
Protein modifications

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12
Q

2 main functions of SER

A

Lipid synthesis
Calcium storage

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13
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus

A

Receives proteins from the ER and modifies proteins for their eventual location

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14
Q

What is the role of the lysosomes

A

To degrade unwanted molecules

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15
Q

What is the main role of peroxisomes

A

The breakdown of fatty acids

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16
Q

Why is compartmentalisation of organelles important in cells

A

To increase efficiency
To protect the cell

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17
Q

What does amphipathic mean

A

A molecule that has a polar and non-polar end

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18
Q

What are filopodia

A

Very small spikes of microfilament based protrusions of the plasma membrane involved in cell motility

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19
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

A lipid made up of a phosphate polar head group and two fatty acid chains (one saturated and one unsaturated)

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20
Q

What is lamellipodia

A

Microfilament-based membrane protrusions that help cells move

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21
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that provide anchorage between the intermediate filament cytoskeletons of cells. For example keratin based intermediate filaments

Multi-molecular complexes that join one cell to another

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22
Q

What are lipid rafts

A

Cholesterol-rich domains that compartmentalise function by concentrating molecules e.g by acting as. signalling platforms by concentrating signalling receptors

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23
Q

What are glycocalyx

A

A layer of carbohydrate that covers cells. They are involved in cell recognition . Found in cells that line the gut

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24
Q

Name two types of phospholipids

A

Phosphatidylcholine (outer later)
Phosphatidylserine (inner layer)

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25
What role does cholesterol have within the membrane
Membrane fluidity (viscocity of lipid bilayer)
26
What does the outer membrane of the mitochondria provide
Selective permeability
27
What stage of respiration happens in the inner membrane
Electron transport chain
28
What happens in the matrix of mitochondria
citric acid cycle
29
What happens in the inter membrane space
electron transport chain and other enzymatic reactions
30
What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton
Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments
31
Which of the 3 types of cytoskeleton are dynamic
Microtubules Microfilaments
32
Which of the 3 types of cytoskeleton are static
Intermediate filaments
33
What are the 2 roles of the intermediate filaments
Proving structure Providing mechanical strength
34
Which type of intermediate filament is found in epithelial cells
Keratin family
35
Which type of intermediate filament is found in fibroplasts of the dermis
Vimentin
36
Which type of intermediate filament is found in the nuclei of all eukaryotic cells
Lamins which make up the nuclear lamina
37
3 examples of the uses of lamin intermediate filaments
Nuclear organisation Nuclear membrane support Chromatin organisation
38
Describe 3 uses of microtubules
Cell movement (flagella+cilia) Intracellular transport of organelles Mitotic spindle
39
What are microtubules made of
They are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin
40
Which motor protein moves cargo away from the centrosome along the microtubules
Kinesins
41
Which motor proteins move cargo towards the centrosome along the microtubules
Dyneins
42
What is the cytoskeletal component of cilia and flagella
Axonemes
43
What are cilia/flagella primary composed of
Microtubules and dynein
44
What is an axoneme
Doublets of microtubules arranged around a central microtubule doublet
45
What allow the bending of cilia and flagella
The sliding of microtubules against eachother through the motor protein dynein
46
What are microfilaments polymers of
Actin
47
What can microfilaments provide
Cell structure Cell appendages such as microvilli so MOTILITY Cell shape change
48
What do microtubules provide
intracellular transport mitosis locomotory structures (protein moving along microtubule)
49
What is responsible for cellular aggregation
Cell junctions
50
Why is cellular aggregation important
Because cells rarely function in isolation
51
How would you describe cellular protein complexes
Transmembrane protein complexes
52
What do cellular junctions attach the plasma membranes to (3)
Adjacent cells Basement membrane The cytoskeleton
53
What do anchoring junctions do
They connect cells to cells
54
Actin implies
Microfilament
55
Tubulin implies
Microtubulin
56
What does an adherens cell to cell junction connect to
Actin
57
What do desmosomes cell to cell junctions connect to
Intermediate filaments
58
What do focal adhesion cell-ECM junctions connect to
Actin
59
What do hemidesmosomes connect to
intermediate filaments
60
C-C and ECM-Cell junctions connecting to actin imply what about their strength
Dynamic structures as a result
61
C-C and ECM-Cell junction connecting to intermediate filaments imply what about their strength
Strong and stable tissue formed as a result
62
Name the 4 types of cell junction
Cell-Cell ECM-Cell Tight junctions Gap junctions
63
What are the 2 functions of the tight junctions
Gate and fence
64
Describe what is meant by the gate function of the tight junction
The regulation of paracellular permeability (what can be passed through the intercellular space between cells)
65
Where is the gate tight junction found
Apical side of the cell (top)
66
Describe what is meant by the fence function of the
Stops the parts of the top of the cell from mixing with the bottom - maintaining the polarity of the cell.
67
What is meant by apical domain
the top part of the cell
68
What is meant by basolateral domain
bottom/below part of cell
69
What is meant by the gate function of the cell
Stops the apical parts of the cells from mixing with the basolateral parts of the cells
70
What is an example of a polarised cell
Epithelial cells
71
What is a gap junction
A channel between cells
72
What size of molecules/ions can pass through a gap junction
Only very small ones
73
What are the channels formed out of
A group of proteins called connexins (arranged in hexagonal clusters)
74
What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane
It strengthens the plasma membrane and prevents certain molecules from passing through
75
What are the functions of cell surface carbohydrates (3)
Cell to cell regcognition ABO blood grouping Sorting cells during embryogenesis
76
What are the 2 roles of integral proteins
Can act as pumps, carriers and channels Can act as receptors to ligands to bring about a cascade of signals within the cell
77
What is the function of the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope
To allow movement in/out of the cell
78
Where does glycolysis occur
Cytosol
79
Where does citric acid cycle occur
The matrix of the mitochondria
80
Where does the electron transport chain occur
Cristae
81
What are endosomes
Vesicles responsible for the transfer of molecules from plasma membrane to lysosome following endocytosis. They then fuse with lysosome to deliver their content
82
What are the 4 proteins which make up intermediate filaments
Keratin Vimentin Desmin Lamins
83
Which types of tubulin make up the microtubules
Alpha and beta tubulin
84
Name 4 proteins which make up intermediate filaments
Keratin Vimentin Desmin Lamins
85

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

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