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Phase 1 Medicine > Week 9 - Cardiovascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Week 9 - Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What does the circulatory system do

A

Transports oxygen, nutrients and carbon dioxide around the body

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2
Q

4 components of cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Lymphatic system

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation function

A

Passed deoxygenated depleted blood from heart to lungs and then returns oxygenated blood to the heart

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4
Q

Systemic circulation function

A

Passed oxygenated blood from heart to the rest of the body then returns oxygen depleted blood to the heart

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5
Q

Superior mediastinum boundaries

A

Top = T1 -> superior aspect of the manubrium

Bottom = sternal angle

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6
Q

Anterior mediastinum region

A

Fat tissue and thymus

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7
Q

Middle mediastinum region

A

Contains the heart

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8
Q

Posterior region

A

Contains the oesophagus and aorta

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9
Q

Cardiac layers from innermost to outermost

A

Trabeculae

Endocardium

Myocardium

Fatty connective tissue containing coronary artery and vein

Visceral layer (epicardium) of serous pericardium

Pericardial space

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

What is the role of the serous fluid

A

lubricates the gap between the two serous pericardium

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11
Q

What is the role of trabeculae

A

Creates turbulence which helps the flow of blood.

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12
Q

Describe the flow of blood from SVC to the body

A

Blood flows into the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava

Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

Blood travels through pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk (diverges towards the 2 lungs)

Blood returns via the pulmonary vein into left atrium

Blood travels through mitral valve into left ventricle

Blood travels up the aorta out into the coronary arteries or to the brachiocephalic trunk OR left carotid/subclavian artery

OR descending aorta

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13
Q

What is the name of the trunk that blood enters after the right ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

What is the name of the trunk that connects to the right subclavian/common carotid artery

A

brachiocephalic trunk

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15
Q

Which body parts does the subclavian artery

A

right upper limbs and head

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16
Q

Through which vessel do waste products leave the baby

A

The umbilical arteries

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17
Q

Through which vessel does the baby receive food and oxygen

A

The umbilical vein (although away from mother, towards baby)

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18
Q

Which structure exists to bypass blood from the liver to the heart

A

Ductus venous

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19
Q

Which structure exists to bypass blood from right atrium to left atrium directly

A

Foramen ovale

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20
Q

Which structure exists to bypass any blood that has entered the right ventricle to the aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

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21
Q

Which structure turns into the ligamentum venosum upon birth

A

Ductus venosus

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22
Q

Name of the embryological remnant of the Forman ovale

23
Q

Which sinuses do coronary arteries arise from

Study These Flashcards
A

Left and right aortic sinuses

24
Q

What is the typical site for external pacemakers to be placed

Study These Flashcards
A

The right atrial appendage

25
What is the site of pectinate muscle origin
Crista terminalis
26
Which structure allows for stretch and improve the volume of the right atrium
Masculine pectinati
27
What is the role of the trabeculae carneae
To create turbulence and hence the flow of blood
28
Which ventricular wall is thicker and why
The left is 3x thicker because it needs to transport blood around the systemic circulatory system, i.e around the entire body and not just to the lungs
29
What are atrial/ventricular septal defects
They are basically small holes in the heart which may close themselves but larger ones may compromise lungs and the heart due to the increased blood pressure
30
What is an atrioventricular septal defect
A large hole between the ventricles and atria causing problems with breathing, racing heart, weak pulse, blue colour and tiring easily.
31
What causes the mitral valve/tricuspid valve to close when blood has entered the ventricles
The pressure inside the ventricles pushes blood against the valve cusps, causing them to close. Papillary muscles then contract to prevent the valve flaps from entering the atria.
32
What is the difference between the tricuspid and the mitral (bicuspid)
Tricuspid is made up of 3 leaflets whereas mitral is made of just 2
33
Structural difference between atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves
Semilunar valves do not have chord tendinae (heart strings and are half mooned in shape).
34
Which artery do the coronary arteries come from
The ascending aorta
35
What are end arteries and where found
Arteries that only supply oxygenated blood to a specific portion of tissue therefore blockage results in tissue damage. Examples of where found include penis, spleen, liver, intestines, ears, nose etc
36
What is ischaemia
A reduction in blood oxygen causing collateral circulation whereby new blood vessels form to bypass reduced blood supply. Angina pectoris for example.
37
What is infarction
Death of myocardial tissue.
38
What is diastole
When blood is filling the relaxed atrium and ventricles
39
What is systole
When atria then ventricles contract
40
What is the 'lub' sound
When atrial valves snap shut
41
What percentage of MI is caused by left coronary artery and give a break down
around 70% 40-50% affecting the anterior inter ventricular branch 15-20% affecting the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
42
What percentage of MI affects the right coronary artery
30-40%
43
What are the 2 options for coronary artery bypass graft
Saphenous vein - longest vein in the body Internal mammary artery
44
Name of gap between ventricles
interventricular septum
45
Function of moderator band
allows more rapid conduction across the *anterior papillary* muscle and helps with the conduction times
46
Purkinje fibres
Specialised conducting fibres that are bigger than cardiac myocytes and create a synchronised contraction across the ventricles
47
Function of intercalated disc
GAP junctions between mycoses which transmit forces of contraction and electrical impulses between cardiac myocytes ensuring synchronised contraction
48
Characteristic features of cardiac muscle cells
Striated Mononuclear Many mitochondria Intercalated discs GAP junctions
49
Which nerves control heart rate
Vagus Sympathetic nervous system
50
sympathetic nervous system origin
T1-L2/3
51
Parasympathetic nervous system origin
Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10
52
Layers of the arteries
Tunica intima Media Adventitia
53
Name of muscle posterior to the trachea and its function
Trachealis muscle - allows trachea to constrict.

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

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