Week 10 - Gastrointestinal System

Question 1

What is the muscular makeup of the external muscle of the oesophagus

Answer 1

Upper 1/3 - skeletal
Middle- skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3 - smooth

Question 2

What major organ does the oesophagus lay posterior to

Answer 2

Heart

Question 3

What muscle does the oesophagus pierce through to get to the stomach

Answer 3

Diaphragm

Question 4

Name of sphincter which prevents acid reflux

Answer 4

Cardiac/lower oesophageal sphincter

Question 5

Incisura angularis

Answer 5

Divides the stomach into left and right sections

Question 6

3 sections of stomach from top to bottom

Answer 6

Fundus
Body
Pyloric part

Question 7

Stomach location

Answer 7

Mainly left hypochondrium and epigastric region of abdomen

Question 8

Stomach abdo aorta major branch

Answer 8

Coeliac trunk

Question 9

What different about layer of muscle in stomach

Answer 9

3 layers of muscle - extra internal layer of smooth muscle called oblique layer -> Circular muscle -> Longitudinal muscle

Question 10

Function of the liver

Answer 10

Storage of glycogen
Release of glucose
Inactivation of hormones and drugs
Production of bile
Production of platelets
Production of clotting factors
Metabolism
Excretion of waste

Question 11

Size, weight and location of spleen

Answer 11

1 inch thick, 3 inches wide, 5 inches long, 7 ounces in weight, between 9th and 11th ribs (1,3,5,7,9,11)

Question 12

Why is the splenic artery so tortuous

Answer 12

to allow a continuous supply of blood instead of it being pulsatile

Question 13

Function of the spleen

Answer 13

Identifies, removes and destroys old red blood cells

Stores RBCs and platelets

Question 14

Can you live without your spleen

Answer 14

Yes but you require daily antibiotics

Question 15

Large intestine specialisations

Answer 15

Omental appendages (fatty tags) (mostly in transverse+descending colon)
Haustrations - sacculations of bowel wall
Taeni coli - longitudinal band of muscle

Question 16

What controls secretions into the cecum

Answer 16

Ileocecal valve (sphincter)

Question 17

Role of cecum

Answer 17

Fibre fermentation commencement
Fart production
Fluid absorption
Synthesis of some vitamins

Question 18

Path of food through large intestine

Answer 18

Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal

Question 19

What does coeliac artery supply

Answer 19

Lower half of oesophagus -> upper half of duodenum
Liver
Spleen

Question 20

What does superior mesenteric artery supply

Answer 20

Lower half of duodenum -> first 2/3 of transverse colon

Question 21

What does inferior mesenteric supply

Answer 21

final 1/3 of tranverse colon -> rectum

Question 22

What is the main function of the large intestine

Answer 22

Water absorption

Question 23

4 main histological layers to the small intestine

Answer 23

Mucosa
Submocosa
External muscle
Serosa

Question 24

Type of epithelium found in small intestine

Answer 24

Stratified columnar epithelium

Question 25

Type of epithelium in stomach

Answer 25

Stratified columnar epithelium

Question 26

Type of epithelium in oesophagus

Answer 26

Stratified (non-keratinised) squamous epithelium

Question 27

Function of lamina propria

Answer 27

Thin layer of connective tissue which lies beneath epithelium. > Inflammatory cells > Provides support and nutrients to epithelium

Question 28

Function of muscularis mucosae

Answer 28

Smooth muscle that sits beneath lamina propria

Question 29

Function of submucosa

Answer 29

Dense irregular connective tissue containing: > Blood vessels > Nerves > Lymphatic vessels

Question 30

Function of muscularis externa

Answer 30

Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal muscle Responsible for peristalsis

Question 31

Serosa

Answer 31

Outer layer of connective tissue which reduces friction of GI tract.

Question 32

Where is submucosal plexus

Answer 32

Between submucosa and circular muscle

Question 33

Myenteric plexus

Answer 33

Between circular muscle and longitudinal muscle

Question 34

What is a lacteal

Answer 34

A vessel that absorbs fat in the small intestine

Question 35

Which 2 cell types make up the colonic glands

Answer 35

Absorptive cells and mucous secreting goblet cells

Question 36

What are the exocrine secretions of the pancreas

Answer 36

Pancreatic enzymes - endopeptidases and exopeptidases

Question 37

What are the endocrine secretions of the pancreas

Answer 37

Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

Question 38

Name of endocrine section of the pancreas

Answer 38

Islet of langerhan's

Question 39

What is the aterial supply to the gall bladder

Answer 39

Cystic artery which branches off the right branch of the proper hepatic artery

Question 40

Which main blood vessel supplies the gall bladder

Answer 40

Coeliac trunk

Question 41

What are gall stones

Answer 41

Crystalised masses that can contain cholesterol or pigment or both