week 1-fetal development and maternal adaptation PP

Question 1

What are the stages of fetal development

Answer 1

preembryonic- fertilization through 2nd week
embryonic stage- ends of second week through the 8th week (basic structures of major body organs and main external features)
fetal stage- end of the 8th week

Question 2

is abiotic fluid sterile

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

what are the tests you can do to determine if it is urine or amniotic fluid

Answer 3

fern test and pH

Question 4

what is a normal amount of amniotic fluid

Answer 4

700-1000mLs

Question 5

what amount of amniotic fluid is considered oligohydramnios? polyhydramnios? what conditions are associated with each?

Answer 5

less than 300mL- renal problems
more than 2000mL- fetal congenital GI and other malformations

Question 6

G

Answer 6

G

Question 7

what are the functions of the amniotic fluid

Answer 7

Maintain body temperature for fetus
Source of oral fluid
Source for fetal body waste
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
Freedom of movement for musculoskeletal development
Cushions the fetus from trauma by blunting and dispersing outside forces
Barrier to infection
Allows fetal lung development
Keeps embryo from tangling with the membranes
Facilitates symmetric growth
Provides fluid for analysis – Lung maturity
Acts as a wedge of pushing pressure during labor

Question 8

what color amniotic fluid indicates stress from the fetus?

Answer 8

yellow, green, brown, bloody, or black. usually the darker the color the more stressed the fetus is. yellow or green can suggest the passage of meconium within the amniotic sac.

Question 9

what is the first sign of infection

Answer 9

fetal heart rate goes up then the mom spikes a fever.

Question 10

hat is infection of the amniotic fluid

Answer 10

chorioanionitis

Question 11

what is the umbilical cord comprised of

Answer 11

two arteries and a vein and whartons jelly

Question 12

what does whartons jelly do

Answer 12

keeps the cord intact and prevents compression.

Question 13

what issues may arise if there is only one artery and one vein

Answer 13

malformations of the CV, GI, and renal systems

Question 14

what hormones are produced by the placenta

Answer 14

hCG
human placental lactose or human chorionic somatomamotropin
estrogen
progesterone
relaxin

Question 15

what hormones are produced by the placenta

Answer 15

hCG
human placental lactose or human chorionic somatomamotropin
estrogen
progesterone
relaxinwhat is h

Question 16

what does hCG do

Answer 16

the hormone to test for pregnancy

Question 17

what does hPL do

Answer 17

causes insulin sensitivity so it doesn’t work as effectively

Question 18

what three hormones are vital in having a good pregnancy

Answer 18

estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin

Question 19

what does relaxin do

Answer 19

helps to relax the joints as the baby comes down

Question 20

what Isi the first organ system to function and when does it happen

Answer 20

CV, end of 3rd week tubular heart begins to beat, by the 4-5th week the heart develops into a four chambered organ

Question 21

what are the three adaptations in fetal circulation to bypass the lungs while in utero

Answer 21

Ductus venosus – branch at the liver
Ductus arteriosus – bypass the lungs
Formale ovale – between the right and left atrium

Question 22

T/F it is common for a baby to have a heart murmur within the first 24 hours of life

Answer 22

T

Question 23

what in the baby can you use to test for drugs?

Answer 23

the meconium and the umbilical cord

Question 24

when is glycogen stored in the liver

Answer 24

starting at week 9-10

Question 25

what are the glycogen stores like of a fetus compared to that of an adult

Answer 25

twice as much, they are a major source of energy

Question 26

what vitamin do babies usually get right away and why

Answer 26

vitamin K for coagulation factors and to get the gut moving

Question 27

when does the respiratory system develop

Answer 27

begins in week 4 and continues through week 17

Question 28

what may be a problem for a baby boom before 32 weeks

Answer 28

not enough surfactant for the lungs

Question 29

how ling does it usually take for the fluid to be reabsorbed in the lungs after delivery

Answer 29

2 hours

Question 30

by what weeks can the fetus move all extremities and change positions. when can the mother feel them? what is this called?

Answer 30

11-12 16-20 quickening

Question 31

when is the thyroid gland developed

Answer 31

3-4 weeks

Question 32

what can be a result of hypothyroidism in the womb

Answer 32

mental retardation

Question 33

when is insulin produced

Answer 33

week 20

Question 34

what causes fetal hyperglycemia. what other problems can this cause?

Answer 34

maternal uncontrolled diabetes, macrosomia, block lung maturity

Question 35

when are male and female genitalia fully and clearly recognizable

Answer 35

week 12

Question 36

when are bones and muscles developed

Answer 36

week 4

Question 37

the anterior fontanelle is ___ shaped

Answer 37

diamond

Question 38

define presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy and provide examples of each

Answer 38

presumptive- those changes felt by the mother. N/V, breast tenderness, no period probable- those observed by an examiner. Looking at the cervix, feeling the uterus, and pregnancy test positive- fetal heartbeat, fetal movements palpated

Question 39

what is Chadwick sign

Answer 39

the cervix turns bluish purple from increased vascularization

Question 40

what happens to moms blood volume during pregnancy

Answer 40

it goes up 50%

Question 41

when is the fundal height at umbilicus

Answer 41

20 weeks=20cm

Question 42

when do you assess for uterine growth

Answer 42

at every prenatal visit

Question 43

what adaptations happen to the cervix during pregnancy

Answer 43

softens, mucous plug formation, increased vascularization

Question 44

what adaptations happen to the vagina during pregnancy

Answer 44

increased vascularity with thickening, lengthening, secretions are more acidic, white, and thick, perineal size lengthens

Question 45

what adaptations happen to the breasts during pregnancy

Answer 45

increase in size, areola darkens and enlarges, Montgomery tubercles ore prominent to help them latch, secrete colostrum before birth

Question 46

GI system adaptations

Answer 46

Gums: swollen, and friable Ptyalism – excess saliva Dental problems; gingivitis Decreased peristalsis and smooth muscle relaxation - heartburn Constipation + increased venous pressure + pressure from uterus = hemorrhoids Nausea and vomiting

Question 47

CVS adaptations

Answer 47

Increase in blood volume (40-50% above prepregnant levels) Increase in cardiac output; increased venous return; increased heart rate Increase in number of RBCs; plasma volume > RBC leading to hemodilution (physiologic anemia) Increase in iron demands, fibrin & plasma fibrinogen levels, and some clotting factors, leading to hypercoagulable state

Question 48

T/F there is an increase in oxygen consumption during pregnancy

Answer 48

T

Question 49

RENAL/URINARY SYSTEM ADPATATIONS

Answer 49

dilation of pelvis, increase in length nd weight of kidneys, increase in GFR, increased urine flow and volume, increase in kidney activity

Question 50

there is a __ in hair growth and __ in nail growth during pregnancy

Answer 50

decrease, increase

Question 51

what happens to the thyroid gland during pregnancy

Answer 51

slight enlargement, increased activity

Question 52

what happens to the pituitary gland in pregnancy

Answer 52

enlargement, decrease in TSH, inhibition of FSH and LH, increase in prolactin, and gradual increase in oxytocin

Question 53

what happens to the pancreas in pregnancy

Answer 53

insulin resistance due to hPL and other hormones in the second half of pregnancy

Question 54

what are dietary recommendations for those whoa re pregnant

Answer 54

increase protein, folate, iron, and calories by 300kcal. no raw fish, meat, or alcohol.

Question 55

what is a healthy maternal weight gain for those with healthy BMI

Answer 55

25-35 ponds through out and 3.5-5 within the first trimester with an additional 1lb every week thereafter