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week 1 flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

superior orbital fissure contents

A

CN III, IV, VI, and V1

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2
Q

foramen spinosum contents

A

middle meningeal artery

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3
Q

internal auditory canal/meatus contents

A

CN VII (facial) and VIII (vestibulochoclear)

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4
Q

how does CN VIII exit the cranial vault?

A

external auditory meatus

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5
Q

how does CN VII exit the cranial vault?

A

stylomastoid foramen

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6
Q

jugular foramen contents

A

CN IX, X, and XI

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7
Q

CN XI path into/out of calvaria

A

enters via foramen magnum, joins the cranial branches, and exits via the jugular foramen

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8
Q

CN XII exit of calvarium

A

hypoglossal canal

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9
Q

what cells are derived from glioblasts

A

radial glial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymocytes, tanycytes, and choroid plexus cells

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10
Q

from what cells are neurons derived from?

A

neuroblasts

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11
Q

radial glial cells

A

serve as guide wires for the migration of neurons; oriented in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the ventricles

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12
Q

from what cells are the dorsal root ganglia derived?

A

neural crest cells

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13
Q

alar plate gives rise to…

A

sensory neurons and nuclei of the spinal cord and brain stem

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14
Q

basal plate gives rise to…

A

motor neurons and nuclei of the spinal cord and brain stem

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15
Q

sulcus limitans

A

separates the brain stem sensory neurons from the motor neurons

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16
Q

cause of anencephaly

A

failure of the anterior neural pore to close

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17
Q

cause of encephalocele

A

failure of the anterior neural pore to close

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18
Q

cause of spin bifida

A

failure of the posterior neural pore to close

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19
Q

Chiari malformation

A

displacement of the cerebellar tonsils below the foramen magnum

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20
Q

golgi type 1 cells

A

also known as principal cells; these are projection neurons that integrate information and send axons from one brain area to another; have long projection axons

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21
Q

golgi type 2 cells

A

local circuit neurons (interneurons) that do not sent their axon out of the local brain area; e.g. chandelier cell, backer cells, and double bouquet cells

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22
Q

type 1 synapse

A

excitatory synapses; asymmetric - pronounced postsynaptic density

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23
Q

type 2 synapses

A

inhibitory; symmetrical - thin pre and post synaptic density

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24
Q

gap junction structure

Study These Flashcards
A

6 connexins form a connexon; connexons from each cell oppose one another to form a gap junction though which electrical current can passively flow bidirectionally

25
kinesin
moves cargo vesicles anterograde along the microtubule (away from the soma)
26
dynein
moves the cargo vesicles retrograde along the microtubule (toward the soma)
27
schwann cells
provide myelination in the PNS; each schwann cell forms one internode
28
oligodendrocytes
provide myelination for the CNS; each oligodendrocyte myelinated several axons
29
astrocytes
move metabolites to and from neurons (metabolic exchange); maintain constant ionic concentrations for optimal neuronal function; have footrocytest processes that contact neurons and endothelial cells, and myelin
30
fibrous astrcytes
Found in white matter; have "vascular feet" that physically connect them to the outside of capillary walls
31
protoplasmic astrocytes
in grey matter; most common astrocytes
32
satellite cells
small cuboidal cells of neural crest origin that are modified schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS); function as astrocytes in peripheral ganglia, surrounding the entire soma of ganglion cells
33
ependymal cells
line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the cord; cuboidal to columnar, apical surface is covered in cilia and microvilli; basal surface is in close contact with astrocytes
34
generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures
point mutation in the Na channel causing slowed inactivation of Na+ channels, leading to hyperexcitability
35
paramyotonia congenita and periodic paralysis
Na+ channel mutations in skeletal muscle
36
familial hemiplegic migraine
mutation of P/Q-type calcium channels (CaV2.2 channel on the CACNA1A gene)
37
episodic ataxia type 2
due to truncation mutant of CaV2.2 calcium channels
38
Congenital stationary night blindness
truncated L-type Ca2+ channels in the retina, altering sensitivity of the channels to modulation by calmodulin.
39
Lamber-Eaton syndrome
small cell carcinomas produce antibodies to voltage-gated calcium channels, causing dysfunction of the NMJ
40
benign familial neonatal seizures
most prevalent cause is a mutation of KCNQ2, a gene encoding a voltage-gated potassium channel
41
episodic ataxia type 1
mutations in Kv1.1-type potassium channels in P erkinje cells
42
excitatory neurotransmitters
ACh, glutamate, dopamine (via D1), norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine, ATP, Substance P, adrenocorticotropin
43
inhibitory neurotransmitters
Glycine, GABA, dopamine (via D2), metenkephalin, opiods
44
neurotransmitter that is both excitatory and inhibitory
serotonin
45
spinothalamic tract purpose
discriminative aspects of pain
46
spinoreticular pathway purpose
responsible for general arousal and emotional aspects of pain
47
spinomesencephalic tract purpose
(periaqueductal gray); activates descending pathways to modulate pain
48
type II fibers
sensory from skin receptors; myelinated
49
type Aalpha fibers
motor to skeletal muscle; myelinated
50
type Ia fibers
sensory from muscle spindles; myelinated
51
type Agamma fibers
motor to GTO; myelinated
52
type Adelta (type III)
sensory from free nerve endings for pain and temperature
53
type B fibers
preganglionic autonomic fibers
54
type C (type IV) fibers
postganglionic autonomic fibers; sensory from free nerve endings for pain and temperature; smell; unmyelinated
55
vestibulospinal tract purpose
innervates neck and trunk muscles to control coordinated movements
56
reticulospinal tract purpose
innervates neck and trunk to coordinate movement
57
rubrospinal tract
control of arm muscles (originates in red nucleus)
58
colliculospinal tract
innervates neck muscles to provide information coming from the superior colliculus to coordinate head movements with eye movements

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