Week 1 GI workbook part 2

Question 1

where do the kidneys lie?

Answer 1

posterior abdominal wall at the level of T12-L3 vertebrae

Question 2

where does the right kidney lie in relation to the left kidney?

Answer 2

The Right kidney lies slightly at a lower level than the left kidney

Question 3

why does the right kidney lies slightly at a lower level than the left kidney

Answer 3

the liver displaces it downwards

Question 4

what are the three main structures that enter/leave the hilum of the kidney

Answer 4

renal artery
renal vein
ureter

Question 5

What is the anterior- to- posterior arrangement of the structures entering and leaving the hilum of kidney?

Answer 5

renal vein
renal artery
ureter

Question 6

How are the kidneys peritonised?

Answer 6

they are retroperitoneal (lie in shallow depressions against the posterior abdominal wall and behind the parietal peritoneum)

Question 7

what are ureters?

Answer 7

The ureters are muscular ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Question 8

How are the ureters peritonised?

Answer 8

 retroperitoneal

Question 9

What is the term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter?

Answer 9

renal pelvis    

Question 10

The Ureter is normally constricted at 3 locations during its course from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Name these constriction points

Answer 10

At the junction of the ureters and renal pelvis (pelviureteric junction)

pelvic brim
 
where the utere enters the bladder

Question 11

What is the anatomical location of the suprarenal gland?

Answer 11

triangular shaped glands located on top of both kidneys 

Question 12

What type of gland are suprarenal glands?

Answer 12

endocrine

Question 13

what is the peritoneum

Answer 13

continuous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs (abdominal viscera)

Question 14

what is the name of the peritoneum lining the body wall?

Answer 14

parietal peritoneum

Question 15

what is the name given to the peritoneum lining the viscera?

Answer 15

visceral peritoneum

Question 16

Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain, heat & cold?

Answer 16

The parietal peritoneum lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall. It is derived from somatic mesoderm in the embryo.

It receives the same somatic nerve supply as the region of the abdominal wall that it lines; therefore, pain from the parietal peritoneum is well localised. Parietal peritoneum is sensitive to pressure, pain, laceration and temperature.

Question 17

Define the term peritoneal cavity

Answer 17

Your peritoneum is a membrane that lines the inside of your abdomen and pelvis (parietal layer). It also covers many of your organs inside (visceral layer). The space in between these layers is called your peritoneal cavity.

Question 18

There are no organs within the peritoneal cavity. What is present within the peritoneal cavity?  

Answer 18

The peritoneal cavity is a potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum. It normally contains only a thin film of peritoneal fluid, which consists of water, electrolytes, leukocytes and antibodies.

Question 19

what does intraperitoneal mean?

Answer 19

completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum

Question 20

what does retroperitoneal mean?

Answer 20

only covered on their anterior surface and therefore firmly attached to the posterior wall

Question 20

what are examples of retroperitoneal organs?

Answer 20

stomach, liver and spleen

Question 21

what are examples of primary intraperitoneal organs?

Answer 21

The oesophagus, rectum and kidneys

Question 22

what are examples of secondary intraperitoneal organs?

Answer 22

ascending and descending colon

Question 23

what does secondary intraperitoneal mean?

Answer 23

were initially intraperitoneal, suspended by mesentery. Through the course of embryogenesis, they became retroperitoneal as their mesentery fused with the posterior abdominal wall. Thus, in adults, only their anterior surface is covered with peritoneum

Question 24

how do the greater and lesser sac communicate?

Answer 24

through an opening called the epiploic forameswsw