Week 1: History and Epidemiology of Periodontal Disease

Question 1

gingivitis is limited to destruction in _____ surrounding the teeth

Answer 1

tissue (not bone!)

Question 2

periodontal disease includes ____ destruction and ___ loss

Answer 2

tissue, bone

Question 3

true/false, periodontal disease is a recent discovery

Answer 3

false, it is not a decent discovery

Question 4

in ____ BC medical texts mention teeth cleaning procedures, first dental textbook by assyro-bablonians

Answer 4

3000 BC

Question 5

historical background: ___ and ____ described periodontal disease as inflammatory conditions

Answer 5

Egyptians and Chinese

Question 6

_____ described the first tooth scraper in ___-__ BC

Answer 6

Aristotle, 394-322 BC

Question 7

___ discussed the etiology and pathogenesis when “gums were bleeding or rotten” around ___-___ BC

Answer 7

Hippocrates; 460-377 BC

Question 8

who used hot irons to extract teeth?

Answer 8

Romans

Question 9

wrote De Medicina (which discussed how to stabilize loose teeth and oral hygiene) around ___ BC to ___ AD

Answer 9

Aulus Cornelius Celsus; 25BC - 50AD

Question 10

father of surgery, developed periodontal instruments

Answer 10

Albucasis ~900-1000 CE

Question 11

who is the father of modern dentistry?

Answer 11

Pierre Fauchard

Question 12

historical names for periodontal disease

Answer 12

Rigg’s disease, pyorrhea

Question 13

earliest periodontal disease studies occurred when? what did it focus on?

Answer 13

early 1900s, focused on prevalence

Question 14

first dental hygiene unit in the NIH was created when?

Answer 14

1931

Question 15

when were periodontal probes created?

Answer 15

1948-1958

Question 16

when were powered scalers created?

Answer 16

1960s

Question 17

which came first, the subgingival or supra-gingival polisher?

Answer 17

supra-gingival came first

Question 18

periodontal disease can vary in the following 3 ways…

Answer 18

• one patient to another
• one site to another
• one type of periodontal disease to another

Question 19

theory that states…

• PD impacts whole mouth
• all cases of gingivitis progress
• all PD cases progress at a slow and steady rate

Answer 19

continuous progression theory

Question 20

theory that states…

• plaque not the sole cause
• disease activity is episodic
• gingivitis does not always progress to periodontitis

Answer 20

intermittent progression theory

Question 21

when was the intermittent progression theory introduced/accepted?

Answer 21

~1980s

Question 22

theory that states that factors from...
-bacteria
-host
-local factors
-genetics
...all play a role, and each person responds differently

Answer 22

multifactorial model

Question 23

when was the multifactorial theory introduced/accepted?

Answer 23

~1990s

Question 24

early 2000s model of periodontal disease addresses these 4 factors

Answer 24

heredity
habits
social atmosphere
periodontal pathogens

Question 25

newer model of periodontal disease

Answer 25

polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD)

Question 26

keystone pathogen

Answer 26

P. gingivalis

Question 27

accessory pathogen

Answer 27

S. mitis

Question 28

P. gingivalis and S. mitis can tip body into homeostasis, true or false?

Answer 28

false, it tips them out

Question 29

the study of health and disease within a population and includes behavioral, environment, and genetic risk factors that influence health/disease

Answer 29

epidemiology

Question 30

3 goals of epidemiological research

Answer 30

- determine amount and distribution of disease - investigate causes of disease - apply knowledge for control/prevention

Question 31

the number of new cases within a population

Answer 31

incidence

Question 32

total amount of all cases, new AND old

Answer 32

prevalence

Question 33

difference between the incidence and prevalence

Answer 33

incidence = new ONLY, prevalence = new + old

Question 34

an event or characteristic associated with disease

Answer 34

risk factors

Question 35

examples of risk factors

Answer 35

diet, stress, tobacco, hygiene

Question 36

examples of demographic risk factors

Answer 36

age, biological sex, race, socio-economic (SES), barriers to care

Question 37

chronic inflammation in the periodontium can cause other diseases, such as...

Answer 37

- cardiovascular disease - cancer - neurological conditions - diabetes

Question 38

true or false, periodontal disease is chronic inflammation

Answer 38

true

Question 39

a process by which treatment methods are tested for efficacy

Answer 39

scientific method

Question 40

evidence-based dentistry includes

Answer 40

- dentist's experience - patient needs/preferences - scientific evidence

Question 41

two broad types of study designs

Answer 41

observational, experimental

Question 42

types of experimental studies

Answer 42

randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials

Question 43

types of observational studies

Answer 43

cohort studies, case-control studies, cross sectional studies, ecological studies

Question 44

sulcus measurements in healthy periodontium

Answer 44

1-3mm

Question 45

healthy periodontium: junctional epithelium is ___ attached and slightly ___ to the CEJ

Answer 45

firmly, coronal

Question 46

is gingivitis reversible?

Answer 46

yes, it is reversible

Question 47

is periodontitis reversible?

Answer 47

no, it is not reversible (d/t bone loss and ligament attachment loss)

Question 48

sulcus measurements increase due to ________ not due to _______ ___

Answer 48

inflammation/swelling, attachment loss

Question 49

gingivitis with classic inflammation markers (redness, inflammation, etc.)

Answer 49

acute gingivitis

Question 50

gingivitis with fibrotic, loss of severe redness

Answer 50

chronic gingivitis

Question 51

periodontitis: attachment ____ to the CEJ

Answer 51

apical

Question 52

which is more severe, blunted or cratered papillae?

Answer 52

cratered

Question 53

prevalence of gingivitis in... children = males 18-64 = females 18-64 =

Answer 53

40-60%, 47%, 39%

Question 54

are males or females more likely to have periodontitis?

Answer 54

males

Question 55

prevalence of periodontal disease _____ with age

Answer 55

increases

Question 56

__% of people 65 and over are edentulous

Answer 56

30%

Question 57

no calculus feels ___ by the explorer

Answer 57

smooth

Question 58

calculus spicules feel like ____ ____ by the explorer

Answer 58

various bumps

Question 59

calculus ledges feel like a...

Answer 59

speedbump

Question 60

overhanging restorations feel like a...

Answer 60

step up

Question 61

deficient margins in restorations feel like a...

Answer 61

step down

Question 62

caries lesion/decay feels like...

Answer 62

pothole