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Microbiology 234 > Week 1: History + Cell Structure/Function > Flashcards

Week 1: History + Cell Structure/Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is Antoni van Leeuwenhoek known for?

A

Inventing microscopes

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2
Q

What is Carolus Linnaeus known for? Describe?

A

Creating the taxonomic system to name/group plants and animals.
6 Categories?
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Fungi
4. Protozoa
5. Algae
6. Small multi-cellular animals

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3
Q

Describe bacteria and archaea

A

Unicellular and lack nuclei
Smaller than eukaryotes
Asexual
Bacterial cell walls have peptidoglycan
Archaeal cell walls have polymers other than peptidoglycan

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4
Q

Describe fungi

A

Eukaryotic
Obtain food from other organisms (heterotrophs)
Have cell walls
Multicellular sexual/asexual molds
Unicellular asexual budding yeasts (some produce sexual spores)

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5
Q

Describe Protozoa

A

Unicellular eukaryotes
Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure
Live freely in water, some have animal hosts
Mostly asexual, some sexual
Have pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

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6
Q

Describe algae

A

Unicellular or multicellular
Photosynthetic
Simple reproductive structures
Categorized on basis of pigmentation and cell wall composition

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7
Q

Four questions in golden age of microbiology?

A
  1. Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
  2. What causes fermentation?
  3. What causes disease?
  4. How can we prevent infection and disease?
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8
Q

Who proposed the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

Describe Redi’s experiments

A

Investigated abiogenesis. Isolate meat from flies + maggot formation

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10
Q

Describe Needham’s experiments

A

Investigated abiogenesis question. Beef and gravy with plant material infusions. He concluded that large animals could not spontaneously arise, but microbes could.

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11
Q

Describe Spallanzani’s experiments

A

Investigated spontaneous generation. Experiments contradicted Needham’s findings. He found that microbes in air can contaminate experiments. Critics said that his sealed vials did not allow for air and killed the “life force.”

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12
Q

Describe Louis Pasteur’s experiments and why he is a notable scientific figure

A

Performed experiments with swan-necked flasks. If upright, no microbial growth. If tilted, dust got in and grew microbes. He’s the father of industrial biotechnology and discovered that microbes cause fermentation. He’s responsible for pasteurization.

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13
Q

What investigations contributed to the scientific method?

A

Investigation of abiogenesis

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14
Q

Describe fermentation discovery under Pasteur

A

bacteria ferment grape juice into acids, which spoiled the wine. Yeasts produced alcohol that the wine makers wanted

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15
Q

Describe Buchner’s experiments and their contributions to our knowledge of fermentation

A

Enzymes promote chemical reactions. Microbes not required. He began biochemistry field

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16
Q

Who developed germ theory?

A

Louis Pasteur

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17
Q

Describe Koch’s postulates. Which bacterium did he investigate?

A

Investigated cause of anthrax disease.
1. Germ must be present in all disease cases
2. Must be able to isolate microbe and grow in lab
3. Culture samples must cause same disease in healthy mouse
4. Must be able to isolate same germ

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18
Q

What is Fanny Hesse known for?

A

Proposing agar as alternative to gelatin for growing microbes

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19
Q

Describe contributions of Semmelweis, Lister, and Nightingale

A

Semmelweis: Handwashing
Lister: antiseptic technique
Nightingale: nursing

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20
Q

Describe contributions of Snow, Jenner, and Ehrlich

A

Snow: infection control and epidemiology
Jenner: vaccine/variolaton for chickenpox and immunology
Ehrlich: magic bullets and field of chemotherapy (to kill microbes)

21
Q

Discoveries of golden age of microbiology? List them

A

Cell theory
Germ theory
Sterilization
Microscopy
Simple Staining
Use of media to grow microbes
Genetics

22
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

23
Q

Describe the 4 processes of life

A
  1. Growth
  2. Reproduction
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Metabolism
24
Q

Contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound DNA, so they lack nucleus. Eukaryotes have nucleus
Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles but eukaryotes do
Prokaryotes are less than 1 micron whilst eukaryotes are between 10 and 100 microns in size

25
Group 6 groups of microbes into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea Eukaryotes: algae, Protozoa, fungi, animals, plants
26
What is a glycocalyx and its function? Types?
It’s a gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of cell. Made of complex sugars and/or proteins. 1. Capsule: made of repeating organic chemical units, firmly attached to cell surface, may prevent bacteria from host recognition (helps evade immune system) 2. Slime layer: loosely attached to cell surface, water-soluble, allows surface attachment and biofilm creation
27
Structure and function of flagellum?
Functions for motility. Made of filament, hook, and basal body. Basal body is the root that anchors filament and hook to cell wall.
28
Describe fimbriae and pili
Fimbriae are sticky, bristle-like projections that are shorter than flagella. Important for biofilms because help bacteria adhere to each other and to stuff in environment Pili are a special type of fimbriae. Known as conjugation pili. Longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella. Bacteria have only 1-2 per cell and function to transfer DNA to other cells
29
Function of cell wall?
To give structure and shape to cell and protect from osmotic forces. Can help in cell attachment/antibiotic resistance
30
Contrast Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls
Positive: thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic and lipoteichoic acids, appear purple in Gram-stain, up to 60% mycolic acid in acid-fast bacteria helps survive desiccation. NAG and NAM complex sugars Negative: Thin peptidoglycan layer. Outer membrane with LPS (lipid A elicits inflammatory response), appears pink in Gram-stain, may impede treatment of disease
31
Describe types of facilitated diffusion
Nonspecific and specific. Specific can involve permease and transports specific chemicals
32
What is group translocation?
When substance is chemically modified during transport across plasma membrane
33
Steps of sporulation?
1. DNA replicated 2. Cytoplasmic membrane invaginates to form forespore 3. Vegetative cell DNA disintegrates and form 2 membranes around spore DNA 4. Cortex formed with peptidoglycan deposit 5. Spore coat forms around endospore
34
Describe ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes: 70S Eukaryotes: 80S
35
What are external structures found on Archaea?
Glycocalyces (can form biofilms) Flagella powered by ATP (bacterial flagella powered by H+) Fimbriae and Hami that are fimbria-like and serve to attach to stuff. Hami look like grappling hook. Singular is “hamus” Cell walls not made of peptidoglycan Have cytoplasmic membranes to maintain chemical and electrical gradients and transport stuff in/out of cell
36
Compare and contrast bacterial and archaeal cytoplasms
Same: -70S ribosomes -fibrous cytoskeleton -circular DNA Different: -ribosomal proteins -different metabolic enzymes to make RNA -genetic code of archaea more similar to eukaryotes
37
Do eukaryotes have glycocalyces?
Yes. Not as organized as prokaryotic capsule but function for attachment, cell-cell recognition/communication, and protection against dehydration
38
Describe eukaryotic flagella
Made of tubulin. Filaments anchored to cell by basal body. There is NO HOOK. May be single or multiple, generally found at one pole
39
How is flagella movement different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotic flagella undulate/push and pull. Prokaryotic flagella rotate
40
What are cilia and their function?
Shorter and more numerous than flagella. Beating to move cells. Also used to move substances
41
Ribosome size of eukaryotic cells?
80S. Made of 60S and 40S
42
Describe centrioles and centrosomes. Which cell type has them?
Some eukaryotic cells, NOT all, have them. Centrioles play role in mitosis, cytokinesis, and formation of flagella and cilia. Centro some is region of cytoplasm where centrioles are found
43
Largest organelle?
Nucleus
44
Function of Golgi apparatus? Which cells have them?
Receive, process, and package large molecules for cellular export. Packaged in secretory vesicles. Not present in all eukaryotic cells.
45
Do mitochondria have ribosomes?
Yes, have 70S
46
What ribosomes do chloroplasts have?
70S
47
Which membranous organelles are NOT present in prokaryotes?
ER, Golgi, Nucleus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles,vesicles, mitochondria, chloroplasts
48
Which non-membranous organelles are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Ribosomes and cytoskeleton

Microbiology 234 (6 decks)

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