week 1 (intro to chem, proteins/carbohydrates, body cavities) Flashcards
1
Q
atom
A
A nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by a shell of orbiting electrons
(neutral)
2
Q
valance electrons
A
of electrons on the outermost shell
3
Q
why are valance electrons important
A
atoms are most stable when their valence shell is full
4
Q
covalent bond
A
each atoms unpaired electron are SHARED by both nucli to fill their orbits
5
Q
Ionic bonds
A
electrons are TRANSFERED between one atom to another
6
Q
Non polar colvent bonds
A
electrons shared evenly between two atoms
bond is symmetrical
7
Q
polar covalent bonds
A
electrons are shared unevenly
8
Q
Electronegitive atoms
A
These atoms like to “hog” electrons (which in turn can create non polar covalent bonds)
9
Q
examples of electronegtivie atoms
A
nitrogen
oxygen
clorine
10
Q
positive electrolytes
A
cation
11
Q
negative electrolytes
A
anion
12
Q
Water
A
universal solvent
like dissolves like which means polar solvent(water) dissolves polar molucules
13
Q
6 unique properties of water
A
Liquid water is an excellent solvent cohension adhension water is denser as a liquid than as a solid water has a high specific heat water has a high heat of vapourization
14
Q
liquid water is an excellent solvent why?
A
it is stable
both ‘negitive’ and ‘positive’ sides
charged molecules love water
15
Q
cohension
A
similar things attatrched together
binding between molcules
surface tension
16
Q
adhension
A
attraction between two different particles
17
Q
H20 denser as a liquid than solid
A
ice is less dense than water so it floats on itself
ice is more volumious/uniform shape than water
18
Q
specific heat
A
amount of energy required to raise a temp of 1g of a sibstance by 1C. (how easy it si to increase the kinetic energy in a system)
19
Q
calories
A
energy needed to do something
4.13
20
Q
how much enegery is needed to change 1 mil of water by 1C
A
4.13J
or a calorie
21
Q
heat of vapourization
A
the energy required to change 1g of a substance from liquid to gas
22
Q
endothermic reactions
A
absorb/require heat to proceed
also known as anabolic or synthesis reactions
Gibbes free energy change ^G > 0 or a positive ^G (endergonic)
dehydration
23
Q
exothermic reactions
A
release heat
also known as catabolic or decomp
GFEC ^G < 0 or a negitive ^G (exergonic)
24
Q
energy
A
the capacity to do work or supply heat
25
potential energy
stored energy
26
kinetic energy
energy of movement
27
first law of thermodynamics
energy is conserved, it can not be destroyed on created
28
entropy
amount of disorder
spoutunous events favour disorder (exothermic)
entropy always increases (disorder increases)
disorder is opposite of energy it is the loss of it
29
what makes a reaction spontanous
products have lower potential energy and higher entropy than the reactants
products less ordered and more disordered than reactants
breaking bonds
30
hydrocarbons
carbon chain
31
amino function group
look for nitrogen
tend to attract protons
have NH2 group (can act as a base and pick up hydrogen which makes it a postivie charge)
32
carboxyl group
look for OH
tend to donate protons
hydrophllic
33
carbonyl group
```
type of carbon chain
hydrophillic
serve to link two large carbon containing molucules
ketones have R groups
aldehydes have hydrogen
```
34
hydroxyl group
very electronegitive due to O
very polar and high solubitly (if oxygen is present in a molcule always expect polarity)
has O-H group
no carbon
35
phosphate group
phospolipid
acts as a means of transfering eneegry from one molcule too another
one end can be very polar which can create a hydrophobic end
contain PO4
ATP (transfers chemical energy between organic molecules during chemical reactions)
36
sulfhydryl group
can form disufide bond which is important to protien structure
very polar due to electronegitive of S
form disiphlfide bridges
secondary stucture
curly hair people have more of these groups
has S-H group
37
dissulfhydryl group
has two s instead of one
38
non - ionized amino acid
chiral carbon (carbon with four different things attached)
an amino group and a carboyl group (both neutral)
not an ion
39
ionized amino acid
amino group more postive and carboxyl group more negitive (whole structure neutral)
will deprotien in a basic solution (pH will depend on how will behave)
40
the importantance of charges in amino acids
if their charged they're more likely to assoiate with water
make them more liekly to react with other compounds
hoe soluble a amino acid is depends on the pH of the solution they're in
41
amino acid types
r group responsible for what the amino acid does
look for electronegative R groups (soluble with water, oxygen)
look for giving off proteins (negative charges) acidic
look for gaining proteins (postive charges) basic
42
polymer
repeating subnits
43
hydrolysis
water breaking bonds
44
primary protein structures
linear amino acids
45
secondary protein structures
2D structure created by interactions between amino acids
hydrogen bonding/electrostatic interactions
NOT a protein yet, a polypedtide
46
tertiary protein sturctures
3D structures created by interactions of R groups in amino acids of that polypemtide chain
happens due to hydrophoblic/hydrophillic interaction
depends on the pH of the enironment
about 4 apart
47
quanterany protein structures
assembly of multipke protiens into a function unit (liccute in salt)
2 or more polypedtide held together
48
protein folding
often spontantous
| because of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions make folded molecule more stable than unfolden
49
denatured protein
unfolded protein that is not able to function normally
shape in altered
not destroyed, covlent bonds/peptides can be renatured(put in different enironment)
50
catalyst
speed up the rate of reaction (enzymes)
51
3 factors of rxns
concentratin
temp
angle of collision
52
reactant molecules bind to the active site
when the substrates binds to the enzyme's activatino site, the enzyme changes shape slightly. This "induced fit" results in tigher binding of the substrates in the active site
53
electrostatics in moloecule binding
substrateas with electrostatic impressions can alter shape of enzyme
enzyme with electrostatic interaction can flex/change substrates
54
Three steps of enzyme action
initiation
transition state facilitation
termination
55
initiation process
reactants bind to the active site in a specific orientations, forming a enzyme-substrate complex
combining of both creates shape change which generates products
'squeezed fit'
56
trnsition state facilitation
```
interactions between enzyme and substrate lower the activiation energy required
induced fit (squeezed)
```
57
termination process
products have lower affinity for active site and are released. enzyme is unchanged after the reaction
58
competitive inhibition
occurs when a moolecule similar in size and shape to a substrate competes with it for the active site binding
59
allosteric regulation
occurs when a molecule casues a chnage in enzyme shapae by bindning to the enzyme at a location other than the active site
60
cofactors of enzymes
coezymes
factors apoenzymes need to become holozyme
can be organic(minerals) and inorganic(vitamins)
61
holoezymes vs apoenzymes
holoezymes are whole enzymes while apoanzymes need a coemzyme to function
62
regions of body
```
head(skull/face)
neck(supports head/attachs trunk)
trunk(chest,adomen,pelvic)
upper limbs(arms/shoulder)
lower limb(butt/legs)
```
63
superior direct
towards head
64
inferior direct
away from head
65
aneterior direct
near front
66
posterior direct
near back
67
medial direct
near midline (left and right line)
68
lateral direct
futher from midline
69
intermediate direct
between two structures
70
contralateral direct
opposite side as structure
71
ipsililiateral direct
same side as structure
72
proximal direct
nearer to attachment of limb to trunk or orgin of structure
73
distal direct
futher to attachment of limb to trunk or orgin of structure
74
superfical direct
on surface
75
deep direct
internal
76
sagittal plane
vertical plane
77
midsagittal plane
equal vertical split of body/organ
78
parasagittal plane
unequal vertical split of body/organ
79
midline
equal vertical split of body
80
frontal plane
split from back and front
81
transverse plane
split horizontally
82
oblique plane
split at an angle
83
cranial cavity
formed by cranial bones, contains brain
84
vertebral cavity
formed by vertebral column, contains spinal cord and beginning of spinal nerves
85
thoracic cavity
chest
| contains pleural, pericardical cavities and ediastinium
86
pleural cavity
potential space between the layers of pleura that surrond the lungs
87
pericardial cavity
potential space between the layer of pericardium that surrond the heart
88
mediastinum cavity
central portioin of thoracic cavity, contains heart, thymus, espophus, trachea, several large blood vessels
89
abdominopelvic cavity
subdivided into the abdomin and pelvic cavity
90
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intentine, most of larger intestine, derous membrane of the cavity is peritoneum
91
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, some of large intestine and reproductive organs
92
what are all the cavities
cranial, vertebral, thoracic, plural, pericardical, mediastinium, abdominiopelvic, abdominal, pelvic
93
epithelial tissue
covers bosy surfaces, lines hallow organs, cavities and ducts. also forms glands. allows body to interact with internal/extental enironments
94
connective tissue
protects/supports the bosy and it's organ types bind organs together, store energy from fat, help provide body with immunity from disease
95
muscular tissue
cells specialized for contraction and generation of force, in the process generates heat for the body
96
nervous tissue
detects change in varity of conditions and respsonses by generating electeral signals call nerve action protenation
97
different types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
98
major elements of body
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon
99
less elements of body
calcium, phosphous, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, megnesium and iron
100
element
pure substance
101
nucleus
contains protons n neutrons
102
proton
carry charge (+)
103
electron
```
carry charges (-)
orbit the nucleus
```
104
atomic number
number of protons
105
how do valance charges form chemical bonds
atom is most stable when valence shells are filled this is through chemical bonding
106
whats the nature of hydrogen bond
The hydrogen bond is an attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom from a molecule or a molecular fragment X–H in which X is more electronegative than H, and an atom or a group of atoms in the same or a different molecule, in which there is evidence of bond formation
107
surface tension
surface tension happens when the combined effects of cohension and adhenison happens. this creates a meniscus
108
properties of carbon (how they make it useful to formation of larger molecules
it is useful because it has four valance electrons
| this always it to form many covlent bonds
109
organic compounds relating to carbon
carbon is basically the foundation of organic compounds because of the 4 valance electrons in the outermost shell
110
carbon skeleton
The term carbon skeleton is used to describe the pattern in which the carbon atoms are bonded together in a molecule
111
hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon
112
functional groupds relating to carbon
functional groups attach to carbon
| functional groups have a specific arrangement of atoms
113
monomer
Monomers are small molecules, mostly organic, that can join with other similar molecules to form very large molecules, or polymers
114
monosaccharide
momers that are used to build carbohydrates
| end is "ose" with the prefix of how many carbons coming first
115
disaccharides carbohydrates
consists of two monosaccharides that have combined by dehydration synthesis
116
simple sugar carbohydrates
monosaccharide and disaccharides are simple sugar carbohydrates
117
polysaccharides carbohydrates
contains tens or hundreds of monosaccharide molecules joined through dehydration synthesis.
not soluble in water
118
glycogen polysaccharides
a type of polysaccharide and main polysaccharide in the body.
119
starch polysaccharides
polysaccarides that are formed by glucose in plants
| in foods such as pasta
120
cellulose polysaccharides
polysaccharides form from glucose by plants that cannot be digested human
121
protein
A protein is a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds
122
protien structural
form structural framework for various parts of the body
| hair, kertain in skin, fingernails
123
protein regulatory
```
function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes
horomone insulin
```
124
protein contractile
allow shortening of muscule cekks, which produces movements
| mysosin, actin
125
protein immunolgical
aid responses that protect the body against foregin substances and invading pathogen
126
protein transport
carry vitual substances throughout the body
| hemoglobin
127
conformational change
The theory of induced fit predicts that enzymes undergo conformational changes as they bind their substrate
128
enzyme
in living cells calayasts are protein molecules call enzymes
129
three compents of enzymes
1. enzymes are highly specific (each enzyme only binds with specific substrates)
2. enzymes are efficient (can speed up reactions because they are an organic catalyst
3. enzyme are subject to cellular controls (rate of synthesis and their concentration are dependant on the cells gene)
130
organism
An organism is an individual form of life that is capable of growing and reproducing, and have one or more cells
131
organ
Organ is the name we give to functional elements in the body and quite often they are also physically distinct such as your kidneys, your liver, your heart. Those are all defined by a shape and a location in your body and they are also defined by a function
132
organ systen
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
133
tissue
Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit.
134
cell
he smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body
135
organelle
organelles are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells
136
moleule
a group of atoms bonded together
137
cephalic
head
138
cervical
neck
139
brachial
arm
140
forearm
antebrachial
141
thigh
femoral
142
leg
crural
143
armpit
axillary
144
inguinal
groin
145
list the four quardates of the abdomonopelvic
left, right upper quadrant
left, right lower quadrant
```
vertical split (median line)
horizontal split (transumbilical line)
```
146
nine abdomonopelvic region
row 1
right, left hypochondraic region
epigastic region
row 2
right,left lumbar region
umbilical region
row 3
right,left inguinal region
hypogastric region
147
4 lines for nine regions
vertical
right,left midclavicular lines
horizontal (top) - subcostal line
horizontal (bottom) - transtubercular line
