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BIOL 1160 > week 3 (cell structure, cell metabolism, cell signalling, tissue structure) > Flashcards

week 3 (cell structure, cell metabolism, cell signalling, tissue structure) Flashcards

1
Q

5 components of every cell

A 
cytoskeleton
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
genetice material
ribosomes
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2
Q

plasma membrane

A

protects cell from outside world

protiens within membrane control what goes in and out (selectively permable)

provides a surface thorugh which the cell can communicate with extentral enironment

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3
Q

cytoskeleton

A

responsible for cell shape

involved in intracellular movement (vesile trafficing)

often associated with cell motive

made ip of larhe fo;aments of a single protien (keratin, actin or tublin

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

represents everything with the plasma membrane

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5
Q

genetic material

A

dna used to store information over long term

depending on the organism, DNA may be circular or on linear chromosomes

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6
Q

ribosomes

A

consists of serveral protiens and RNA

responsible for building protiens site for translation/protein synthesis

either free ribosmomes which are inside the cell or bound in the cell membrane

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7
Q

the nuclues

A

nuclues let ribosomes in and out through a pore complex made for ribosomes

the endomembrus sytucture consisits of either rough ER(protein synethesis taking place) or smooth ER

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8
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough ER - ribosomes(pores) and site of protein synethesis

smooth ER lipid/steriod synthesis
detoxification

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9
Q

gogli appartatus

A

the ‘post office’

reieves protiens, modifies them then sends them away.

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10
Q

secretory pathway

A

refers to the endoplasmic reticulum, gogli apparatis and the vesicles that travel between them as well as the cell membrane and lysosomes

it’s named ‘ secretory’ for being the pathway bu which the cell secretes proteins into the extracellular enironement

consitiutive - constant
regulated - recepetors and enzymes

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11
Q

lysosomes

A

Image result for lysosomes
A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. … They break down excess or worn-out cell parts.

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12
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell

creates ATP

electron transport chains create ATP

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13
Q

peroxisomes

A

Peroxisomes are organelles that create oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling

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14
Q

catalase

A

break down peroxides and creates oxidative stress

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15
Q

collagen

A

the most common extracellular matrix (ECM)

is more elastic than cellulose and forms a flexible extracellular layer

binds cells together

made of three chains that wind around each other and is very strong

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16
Q

extracellular matrix

A

the ‘stuff’ that make up the outside of the cells

all ECM in the body is connected to the cytoplasm

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17
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithetial
connective
nervous
mucsule

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18
Q

integrin

A

helps cells connect together

protein bridges

inbetween protein

integreal membran proteins

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19
Q

what are the three different complexes that help keep cells together

A

tight junctions
adhering junctions
desmosomes(strongest)

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20
Q

cell to cell adhension

A

consist of integral membrane proteins(integrin) that contact proteins in neighbouring cells that are linked intracellularly to the cytoskeleton

adhering junctions are linked to actin filaments and appear to generate tissue specific interactions between cells

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21
Q

tight junction

A

results from specificalized protiens in the membranes of neighbouring cells

forms water tight seal between two membranes

very little space between cells, leakage minimum

actin filament

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22
Q

desmosomes

A

are made up of protiens that link the cyroskeltons of adjacent cells

these proteins bind to eachother and to the proteins that anchor cytoskeletal intermediate fialments (usually stretch resitant like keratin)

are one of the stronger cell to cell adhension types and are found in tissue that experience intense mechinal stress (cardic muscule tissue)

composed of desmosome intermidiate filament complexes which is a network of cadherin proteins, linker porteins and kearin intermediate filaments

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23
Q

adherens junctions

A

in between desmosomes and tight junction

defined as a cell junction whose cytoplasmic face is linked to the actin cytoskeleton

they can appear as bands enciricling the cell (zonula adherens) or spots of attachment to the extracellular matrix (adhension plaques)

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24
Q

muscular tissue

A

they are exciteable (can be stimulated)

gerenate force

skeleltal muscule, smooth, and cardic

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25
nervous tissue
dentrites recieve and axon sends information excitable transmits information glia is the 'glue' that supports cells and nourish them
26
connective tissue
can be fat, blood, bone or cartilage depending on the matrix matrix is created and maintained by cells making up that tissue lots of matrix
27
epithelial tissue
can be coverings on the outside/ inside(mususa) can be as barriers or diffusion very little matrix avascular (no blood supply) always attached to connective tissue or basement membrane
28
globulin
Globulins are a group of proteins in your blood. They are made in your liver by your immune system. Globulins play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection
29
codenins
h
30
classifying epithelia
simple (one layer) diffusion stratified (multiple layers) barriers psedostratified (one layer that is stretched) squamous (flat) boundry cuboidal (cube) secreting/diffusion columnar (colomns) secreating *making mucus
31
two major types of epithelia
covering/lining epithelia - outer covering of skin and internal organs, inner lining of internal tubes and cavities glandular epithelia - regions of glands that secrete materials
32
simple squamous
one layer, flat epithelium coverings cavities are lined by epithelium examples - endotheliem (which is epitheliem on the inside), capsile of kidneys, inner ears , air sacs
33
simple cubodial
one layer, cubed epithelium secretes becuase of the cuboidal shape examples - ovary surface, back of retina, ducts of some glands
34
simple columnar epithelium
one layer, columed epithelium inner membrane protection creates/makes mucus examples - lining of small intestines, all of GI tract from stomach to anus, ducts of most glands, gallbladder surface
35
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
one layer, coloumed with 'little hairs' of cilia on top cilia on top is a aprical surface, it moves materials around the top fluid movememnt = ciliated bronchioles, sinuses, spinal column lining, brain vestricles
36
stratified squamous epithelium
multiple layers, flat epithelium openings, many layers want to protect the openings with layers transitioning to stratied spithelium to simple as we move deeping where we want more diffusion barriers when its an opening or close to an opening example - lining of upper digestive system, vagina, pharynx
37
stratified cuboidal epithelium
multiple layers, cubidic epithelium very specialized examples - sweat glands, esophageal glands, male uretha
38
stratified columnar epithelium
multiple layers, columnar epithelium lining of pharynx examples - urethra, some glands, conjunctiva of eye
39
transitional epitheilum
stretching it is transition state of connective and epithelial tissue urinary bladder
40
the two types of glands
endocrine - substance released into bloodstream (multicellular) exocrine - substance release into body cavity or outer surface of body (unicellular, multicellular) specialized to make proteins, most cuboidal or columnal
41
endocrine glandular epithelilum
multicellular and in the blood examples - pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, tests, ovaries
42
exocrine glandular epithelium
towards outside or body cavity examples - swear, sebaceous, ear wax glands of skin pancreas, etc.
43
unicellular exocrine epithelial cells
columned golbet makes mucus
44
connective tissue
extremely diverse in terks of cellular structure and function common embryological origin (mesenchyme) - middle layer in embryo ECM is far more prominent than other tissues
45
cell adhension proteins
integretes the 'glue' of connective tissue
46
ground substances of connective tissue
extracellular matrix protein based proteoglycans
47
connective tissue fibres
``` collagens fibres (strong) elastic fibres (protein:elastin) stretchy reticular fibres (basement membrane for epithelium) ```
48
connective tissue types
fibroblasts (common and make fibres) mast cells (components of RBC) macrophages (components of RBC) adipcytes (fat) plasma cells white blood cells
49
areolar loose connective tissue
has fibroblast | would be the bottom layer of skin that is connected to the epithelium
50
adipose loose connective tissue
loosey goosey lol space between the cells (matrix) fluid fat on heart
51
reticular connective tissue
mesh like strong in multiple directions bags/sacs lymph node
52
dense regular connective tissue
``` patterns of fibres arrnaged/organized fibres strong tendons collagen ```
53
dense irregular connective tissue
no pattern or order fibres are irregular reticulum collegen
54
elastic connective tissue dense
``` estastin in ground substance stretch arteries liguments strong in aorta ```
55
feedback loops
``` stimulus receptor control centre effector response ```
56
cell-cell gaps
animals cells are connected by gap junctions channel proteins in both membrane line up to form a channel connecting the cytosols of neighbouring cells gap junctions creat gaps that connect animal cells
57
long distance signaling
hormones are an example of these where something is signaled from long distanced
58
local signaling
paracrine signaling (which means around the cell) synapse signaling ( directally on the synaspe
59
hormone
information- carrying molecule secreted from a cell, circulates in body, and acts on target cells elsewhere in the body usually small molecules that can cause major changes even in small concentration
60
the signal transduction paradigm
1. signal is recieved (ligand) 2. signal is transduced (from outside to inside cell) 3. signal is amplified (cascade) 4. cell responds ( cell activity will change)
61
signal receptors
type of receptor protien that change their chape or activity after signal (eg hormones) binds some receptors are inegral membran proteins others are found in the cytosol
62
steriod hormones
steroid that acts as a hormone
63
eukaryotic cell
any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
64
chromatin
a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
65
nuclear envelope
highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
66
intermediate fliaments
thicker than mircofilaments but thinner than mircotubules help stablize the position of organelles such as nuclues and help attach cells to one another
67
mircotubules
the thickest of the cytoskeletal componets long hallowed out tubes usually made of tubulin help determine cell shape
68
mircofilaments (actin)
the thinnest elements of cytoskeleton they help generate movement and provide mechincal support composed of actin and myosin
69
cytokinesis
the divison of a cells cytoplasm and organelles into two identical cells
70
mitosis
nuclear divison
71
metabolism
refers to all chemical reactions that occur int he body
72
catabolism
break down of complex organic molecules into simpler one
73
anabolism
chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form bodys complex structural and functional components

BIOL 1160 (11 decks)

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