week 5 (skin and body movements, body flora, cartilage and skeletal system)

Question 1

integumentary system

Answer 1

The integumentary system helps maintain a constant body
temperature, protects the body, and provides sensory information
about the surrounding environment

Functions of the Integumentary System
1. Regulates body temperature.
2. Stores blood.
3. Protects body from external
environment.
4. Detects cutaneous sensations.
5. Excretes and absorbs substances.
6. Synthesizes vitamin D.

Question 2

what is the tissue of the epidermal layer like

Answer 2

the epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin (what you touch)

it consists of keratinized straified squamous epithelium which means theres many layers of cells

generally the cells in the deepest layer are cubiodal and are continually dividing to produce cells that move to become part of the layer of cells above them

the most superficial celllayer consists of dead cells full of kertain

epidermis is avasular

Question 3

stratum gerinativum (strutum basale)

Answer 3

The deepest layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale, composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes. Some cells in this layer
are stem cells that undergo cell division to continually produce new kertaincytes

A distinctive feature of cells in this layer is the presence
of darkly staining granules of a protein called keratohyalin (ker′-
a-toˉ-HI
-
-a-lin), which assembles keratin intermediate filaments into
keratin. Also present in the keratinocytes are membrane-enclosed
lamellar granules (la-MEL-ar), which fuse with the plasma membrane
and release a lipid-rich secretion. This secretion is deposited in the
spaces between cells of the stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and
stratum corneum. The lipid-rich secretion acts as a water-repellent
sealant, retarding loss and entry of water and entry of foreign materials

Question 4

stratum corneum

Answer 4

The stratum corneum consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened
dead keratinocytes, but can range in thickness from a few cells in thin
skin to 50 or more cell layers in thick skin.

They are the final
product of the dif erentiation process of the keratinocytes. The cells
within each layer overlap one another like the scales on the skin of a
snake.

Its multiple layers of dead cells help the stratum corneum to protect
deeper layers from injury and microbial invasion

Question 5

stratum lucidum

Answer 5

The stratum lucidum is present only in the thick skin of areas such as the
fingertips, palms, and soles.

It consists of four to six layers of flattened
clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and
thickened plasma membranes.

This probably provides an additional
level of toughness in this region of thick skin

Question 6

stratum spinosum

Answer 6

Superficial to the stratum basale is the
stratum spinosum. This stratum
mainly consists of numerous keratinocytes arranged in 8–10 layers

This arrangement provides both strength and flexibility to the skin because of the bundle of kertain interfilaments and demosomes

Question 7

kertainocytes

Answer 7

keratinocytes, which are arranged
in four or five layers and produce the protein keratin.

keratin is a tough, fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from abrasions,
heat, microbes, and chemical

Question 8

melanocytes

Answer 8

which develop from the ectoderm of a developing embryo and produce the pigment melanin

Question 9

suboriferous gland

Answer 9

Throughout skin of most
regions of body, especially
skin of forehead, palms,
and soles.

Mostly in deep dermis
(sometimes in upper
subcutaneous layer).

secretion: Perspiration, which consists
of water, ions (Na+ , Cl− ),
urea, uric acid, ammonia,
amino acids, glucose, and
lactic acid

Regulation of body
temperature, waste removal,
stimulated during emotional
stress.

Question 10

sebaceous gland (oil)

Answer 10

Prevent hairs from drying
out, prevent water loss from
skin, keep skin soft, inhibit
growth of some bacteria.

Largely in lips, glans penis,
labia minora, and tarsal
glands; small in trunk and
limbs; absent in palms
and soles.

Secretion Sebum

Question 11

hair follicle

Answer 11

A hair follicle is a tunnel-shaped structure in the epidermis (outer layer) of the skin. Hair starts growing at the bottom of a hair follicle

Question 12

stratum granulsom

Answer 12

At about the middle of the epidermis,
the stratum granulosum
consists of three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes that are
undergoing apoptosis.

Question 13

apoptosis

Answer 13

apoptosis is an
orderly, genetically programmed cell death in which the nucleus
fragments before the cells die

Question 14

dermis

Answer 14

connective tissue layer just below the epidermis

second major layer of skin, consists of two areas in the connective tissue

the layer adjacent to the basement membrane of the spidermal layer is called the papillary region. it consists of areolar connective tissue with a lot of elastic fibres

the reticular region is the deeper connective tissue layer which consisits of dense, irregular connective tissue (lots of collagen and elastic fibres)

Question 15

fibroblasts

Answer 15

large, flat cells with
branching processes. They are present in all the general connective
tissues, and usually are the most numerous.

secrete fibers and
ground substance

Question 16

elastic fibres

Answer 16

which are smaller in diameter than collagen fibers,
branch and join together to form a fibrous network within a connective
tissue. An elastic fiber consists of molecules of the protein elastin surrounded by a glycoprotein named fibrillin, which adds strength and
stability. Because of their unique molecular structure, elastic fibers are
strong but can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without
breaking.

Question 17

collagen fibres

Answer 17

are very strong and resist pulling or stretching, but they are not stif , which allows tissue
flexibility. The properties of dif erent types of collagen fibers vary
from tissue to tissue. For example, the collagen fibers found in cartilage and bone form dif erent associations with surrounding molecules

Question 18

reticular region

Answer 18

Deeper portion of dermis consists
of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles ofthick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers.

Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous
glands.

Question 19

blood vessel (arteriole)

Answer 19

small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries

Question 20

blood vessel (venule)

Answer 20

venule is a small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to larger blood vessels called veins. Venules range from 8 to 100μm in diameter and are formed when capillaries come together. Many venules unite to form a vein

Question 21

sensory receptors

Answer 21

sensory receptors can be found throughout the skin. they will receive stimulis from internal and external environment

Question 22

subcutaneous layer

Answer 22

this layer consists of areolar and adipose tissues. Fibers that extend from the dermis anchor the skin to the subcutaneous layer, which in turn attaches to underlying fascia, the connective tissue around muscles and
bones. The subcutaneous layer serves as a storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin

Question 23

amino acids in relation to the skin

Answer 23

Amino acids are important nutrients required for wound healing promotion and repair of the damaged skin

Question 24

glucose in relation to the skin

Answer 24

cause hormonal changes and other biologic dysfunction that lead to acne. Optimizing our metabolic fitness with a glucose monitoring program like Levels can help us make choices to minimize our body’s exposure to excess glucose (sugar), which may help prevent premature skin aging and acne

Question 25

oxygen in relation to the skin

Answer 25

Oxygenation has to do with breathing and blood flow. On and in the skin, as for other tissues in the body, oxygen is essential to the health and maintenance of the cells

Question 26

feedback loop for body temp

Answer 26

by liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis. In response to high environmental temperature or heat produced by exercise, sweat production from eccrine sweat glands increases; the evaporation of sweat from the skin surface helps lower body temperature. In addition, blood vessels in the dermis of the skin dilate (become wider); consequently, more blood flows through the dermis, which increases the amount of heat loss from the body. In response to low environmental temperature, production of sweat from eccrine sweat glands is decreased, which helps conserve heat. Also, the blood vessels in the dermis of the skin constrict (become narrow), which decreases blood flow through the skin and reduces heat loss from the body. And, skeletal muscle contractions generate body heat.

Question 27

membrane

Answer 27

selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others

Question 28

membrane

Answer 28

selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others

Question 29

serous membrane

Answer 29

A serous membrane or serosa lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and it covers the organs that are within the cavity. Serous membranes consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium A mucous membrane or mucosa lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. Mucous membranes line the entire digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, and much of the urinary tract. They consist of a lining layer of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue The cutaneous membrane or skin covers the entire surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis. The epidermis consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which protects underlying tissues

Question 30

synovial membranes

Answer 30

Synovial membranes line the cavities of freely movable joints (joint cavities). Like serous membranes, synovial membranes line structures that do not open to the exterior. Unlike mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes, they lack an epithelium and are therefore not epithelial membranes. Synovial membranes are composed of a discontinuous layer of cells called synoviocytes, which are closer to the synovial cavity (space between the bones), and a layer of connective tissue

Question 31

mucous membrane

Answer 31

a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. Mucous membranes line the entire digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, and much of the urinary tract. They consist of a lining layer of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue

Question 32

cutaenous membrane

Answer 32

The cutaneous membrane or skin covers the entire surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis. The epidermis consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which protects underlying tissues

Question 33

cartilage

Answer 33

consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance. Cartilage can endure considerably more stress than loose and dense connective tissues. The strength of cartilage is due to its collagen fibers, and its resilience (ability to assume its original shape af er deformation) is due to chondroitin sulfate.

Question 34

connective tissue vs cartilage

Answer 34

cartilage does not have nerves or blood in its extracellular matrix

Question 35

chondrocytes

Answer 35

Chondrocytes are the cells responsible for cartilage formation, and they are crucial for the process of endochondral ossification, which is useful for bone development.

Question 36

lacuane

Answer 36

a cavity or depression, especially in bone

Question 37

perichondrium

Answer 37

s a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. It consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer.

Question 38

body flora

Answer 38

flora is the term used to describe the microorganisms that exist on or within the human body, such as the gut flora or the skin flora

Question 39

host/parasite realtionship

Answer 39

demostarted when the bacteria causes a mild to sereve infection. the bacterical species gains a foothold in the body, repilcates and initates a defensive response by the host. bacterica causes the disease which is called a pathogen OR bacteria that have gained a foothold on a membrane surface nut do not intatie defensibe response are normal body flora.

Question 40

lactobacilli (protection)

Answer 40

live on the mucous membrane lining in the vagina. their presence maintains an acid pH i the vagina during reproductive year. This high pH has an affect on pathogens

Question 41

staphyococci and streotococci (protection)

Answer 41

present on the skin and the mucous membranes area adherent to these surfaces. They suppress the adherence of other more pathogenic species since they completely carpet the surface

Question 42

escherichia coli

Answer 42

present in the large intenstine and produces excess viatmin K. essential source of vitamin k for us.

Question 43

probiotics

Answer 43

dietary supplements which contain potentially benefitcal bacteria or yeast. these bacterias cultures are given to ensure the re-established/ and or maintaenance of normal body flora

Question 44

darkness in relation to bacteria growth

Answer 44

absence of light promotes bacterial growth. sunlight kills most bacteria within hours the UVradiation light will damage the genetic material

Question 45

temp in relation to bacteria growth

Answer 45

for each specices there is an optimum temperture - dependent on bacterial habitat. above or below inhibits growth

Question 46

pH in relation to bacteria growth

Answer 46

optimum pH range for most bacteria is 6-8 outside the optimum range, hydrogen ions interfere with the metabolic processes.

Question 47

prebiotics

Answer 47

dietary supplements which contain food items which will stimulate growth or actviity of normal body flora

Question 48

hyaline cartilage

Answer 48

Hyaline cartilage contains a resilient gel as ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish-white, shiny substance (fine collagen fibers are not visible with ordinary staining techniques) prominent chondrocytes are found in lacunae surrounded by perichondrium (exceptions: articular cartilage in joints and cartilage of epiphyseal plates, where bones lengthen during growth). Most abundant cartilage in body; at ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton. Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility, and support; weakest type of cartilage and can be fractured.

Question 49

fribrocartilage

Answer 49

Fibrocartilage has chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within extracellular matrix; lacks perichondrium. ``` Pubic symphysis (where hip bones join anteriorly), intervertebral discs, menisci (cartilage pads) of knee, portions of tendons that insert into cartilage. ``` Support and joining structures together. Strength and rigidity make it the strongest type of cartilage.

Question 50

elastic cartilage

Answer 50

Elastic cartilage has chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibers within extracellular matrix; perichondrium present. Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear (auricle), auditory (eustachian) tubes. Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.

Question 51

skeletal system

Answer 51

It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals

Question 52

two type of connective tissue that make up the skeletal system

Answer 52

Two major forms of supportive connective tissue, cartilage and bone, allow the body to maintain its posture and protect internal organs

Question 53

diaphysis

Answer 53

is the bone’s shaf | or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone

Question 54

epiphysis

Answer 54

are the proximal and distal ends of the bone

Question 55

articular cartilage

Answer 55

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints. Because articular cartilage lacks a perichondrium and lacks blood vessels, repair of damage is limited

Question 56

metaphyses

Answer 56

are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 14–24, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the resulting bony structure is known as the epiphyseal line.

Question 57

periosteum

Answer 57

is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage Some of the cells enable bone to grow in thickness, but not in length. The periosteum also protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers, thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix

Question 58

endosteum

Answer 58

A membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall also identified as the lining membrane of the Bone marrow cavity is endosteum; The endosteum lines the Haversian canal and all the internal cavities of the bone.

Question 59

medullary cavity

Answer 59

or marrow cavity, is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults. This cavity minimizes the weight of the bone by reducing the dense bony material where it is least needed. The long bones’ tubular design provides maximum strength with minimum weight.

Question 60

red marrow

Answer 60

Within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis. Red bone marrow consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of reticular fibers

Question 61

yellow marrow

Answer 61

consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve.

Question 62

matirx

Answer 62

refers to the "stuff" in the cell

Question 63

osteoprogenitor (osteogenic cell)

Answer 63

develops into a osteoblast

Question 64

osteoblast

Answer 64

forms bone extraextracellular matrix

Question 65

osteoclast

Answer 65

functions in the reorsptioin, the breakdown of bones make spongy bone

Question 66

spongy bone

Answer 66

also called trabecullar and cnacellous bone tissue exclusisvely found interior to the compact bone lamellae are arranged in long and irregualar shpaed columns called trabeculae many spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow depending on bone type

Question 67

compact bone

Answer 67

very few spcases osteon/haversian systems - concentric rings of osteocytes and mineralized ECM surronding a central canal with blood vessels, etc.

Question 68

flat bones

Answer 68

these bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as the cranium(skull), the ilium(pelvis), stenrim and the rib cage ``` bones: occcupital parietal frontal nasal lacrimal vomer hip bone (coxal) sternum ribs scapulae ```

Question 69

long bones

Answer 69

a bone that has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than it is wide ``` bones in upper limbs: humerous radius ulua metacarpals phalanges ``` ``` bones in lower: tibia fibula femur metatarsals phalanges ```

Question 70

irregular bones

Answer 70

are bones which from their perculiar form, cannot be grouped as long, short, flat or sesamoid bones. protection of nervous system and multiple achor points for skeletal muscle attachment ``` boens: vetrebae sacrum coccyx temporal manible facial bones ```

Question 71

short bones

Answer 71

Short bones include the carpal bones of the hands that allow movement of the wrist, and the tarsal bones of the feet that allow movement of the ankle. Short bones are shaped roughly as a cube and contain mostly spongy bone. The outside surface is comprised of a thin layer of compact bone. bone: carpus tarsus

Question 72

seasmoid bone

Answer 72

A sesamoid bone is a small round bone that is imbedded within a tendon, whose purpose is to reinforce and decrease stress on that tendon kneecap

Question 73

joint

Answer 73

a joint is the point at which two bones articulate. for two types of joint there is NO space and cavity between the two bones. if the space between the two bones are filled with cartilage the joint is known as a catilgagenous joint. one example would be the costa cartilage between the first rib and the sternum if the space between the two bones filled with dense fibrous connective tissue, it is called a fibrous joint an example of this would be the fibrous joint between flat bones of the skull

Question 74

vertebral body

Answer 74

Vertebral body is the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum. The cavity of the vertebral body consists of cancellous bone tissue and is encircled by a protective layer of compact bone.

Question 75

vertebral arch

Answer 75

A circle of bone around the canal through which the spinal cord passes. A vertebral arch is composed of a floor at the back of the vertebra, walls (the pedicles), and a roof where two laminae join The vertebral arch surrounds and protects the spinal cord

Question 76

vertebral foramen

Answer 76

In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen (opening) formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arc Within this foramen the spinal cord and associated meninges are housed

Question 77

intervertebral discs

Answer 77

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is important in the normal functioning of the spine. It is a cushion of fibrocartilage and the principal joint between two vertebrae in the spinal column. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together.

Question 78

ossification

Answer 78

Bone formation, also called ossification, process by which new bone is produced. Ossification begins about the third month of fetal life in humans and is completed by late adolescence

Question 79

intramembranous ossification

Answer 79

1. menschyme is the connective tissue of the embryo that froms the flat bones and the clavicle (menschyme is a loose misture of cells filled in with collagen fibre in the ECM) 2. menchumal cells reieve a signal to differentiate into osteogenic cells, and then forming a cluster of osteoblasts that becomes the ossification centre 3. cells from the ossification centre start secreting ECM - this is known as osteoid- mainly collagen fibres and some chondroition sulfate 4. cells are now surronded by their secretions and become osteocytes 5. canaliculi are formed 6. calcium and mineral salts are now released and the ECM begins to harden 7. bone ECM begins to form ande develops into trabeculae that fuse together to form spongy bone 8. blood vessels get trapped in the newly forming tissue 9. connective tissue assoiated with the blood vessels turns into bone marrow 10. the menchyme at the periphery of the bone begin to condense and form an intiially fibrous periosteum 11. a thin layer of compact bone begins to replace the surface layers of the spongy bone based on the osteoblasts at the inner sirface of the new periosteum

Question 80

endochondral ossification

Answer 80

1. hyaline cartilage is formed (mesenchymal cells crowd and differentiate into chrondroblasts) 2. chondroblasts secrete ECM that is eventually covered by a membrane called the perichondrium 3. growth of cartilage continues and buried chondroblasts become chondrocytes, which then. divide repeatly (also called intersitial growth) 4. new chrondroblasts also emerge from the perichondrium and deposit more ECM on the surface increasing thickness 5. chonrocytes in the middle region of the mass enlargen and their surronding material starts to calcify 6. cells withini this region are now in tough material, no longer receiving nutrient supply (no blood vessels in model), and die, leacing an empty space which eventually become lacuane 7. nutrient artery penetrates the perichondrium through nutrient foramen in the middle of the cartilage model 8. osteogenic cells in the perichondrium become activiated by this and turn into soteoblasts (perichrium now called periosteum) 9. near middle of model, periosteal arties grow into disintegreting calcified cartilage inducing grwoth of primary ossification centre 10. osteoblasts deposit bone over the remnants of calcified cartilage, first forming trabeculae of spongy or cacellous bone - this will spread toards both ends of the model 11. as growth of the primary ossification centre continues to expand to the ends of the model, osteoclasts break down some of the newly formed trabeculae, creating a cavity 12. epiphyseal arties enter into the epiphyses, allowing for the fromation of secondary ossification centres 13. chondrocytes die and are replacede by osteoblasts that form trabeculae and spongy bone 14. the hyaline cartilage remaining at the edges become articular cartilage 15. small amounts of hyaline cartilage remain in the metaphysis where the nutrient and epiphsyeal arties fail to reach 16. thie becomes the epiphyseal playe, and will remian cartilage until you are about 20, then replaced with compact bone

Question 81

bone resorption

Answer 81

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

Question 82

bone deposition

Answer 82

the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

Question 83

human growth hormone

Answer 83

HGH, produced by the pituitary gland, spurs growth in children and adolescents. It also helps to regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function

Question 84

thyroid hormone

Answer 84

thyroid is located in front of the neck and is responsible for the production of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland releases triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play an important role in regulation of your weight, energy levels, internal temperature, skin, hair, nail growth, and more

Question 85

estrogen

Answer 85

Estrogens are a group of hormones that play an important role in the normal sexual and reproductive development in women. They are also sex hormones. The woman's ovaries make most estrogen hormones, although the adrenal glands and fat cells also make small amounts of the hormones

Question 86

testosterone

Answer 86

Testosterone is the male sex hormone that is made in the testicles. Testosterone hormone levels are important to normal male sexual development and functions. During puberty (in the teen years), testosterone helps boys develop male features like body and facial hair, deeper voice, and muscle strength

Question 87

parathryoid hormone vs calcitonin

Answer 87

Parathyroid hormone works in concert with another hormone, calcitonin, that is produced by the thyroid to maintain blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone acts to increase blood calcium levels, while calcitonin acts to decrease blood calcium levels

Question 88

perforating (volkmann's) canals

Answer 88

Volkmann's canals are any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversian canals they are the horizontal while the haversian canals will be going up and down

Question 89

central (haversain) canals

Answer 89

Compact bone consists of closely packed osteons or haversian systems. The osteon consists of a central canal called the osteonic (haversian) canal, which is surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix. The osteonic canals contain blood vessels that are parallel to the long axis of the bone

Question 90

lacunae

Answer 90

a cavity or depression, especially in bone

Question 91

canaliculi

Answer 91

canaliculus is a small canal or duct or passageway in the body Bone canaliculus. It is a small channel in ossified bone, particularly between the lacunae of ossified bone

Question 92

lamallae

Answer 92

lamellae refers to a thin layer, membrane or plate of tissue

Question 93

concentric lamallae

Answer 93

The concentric lamellae are like tubes of different size fitting inside each other to make an osteon tree rings

Question 94

intersitial lamallae

Answer 94

the interstitial lamellae fill the spaces between osteons

Question 95

circumferential lamellae

Answer 95

the circumferential lamellae run around the circumference of the bone

Question 96

ostoens

Answer 96

Osteons are formations characteristic of mature bone and take shape during the process of bone remodeling, or renewal

Question 97

trabeculae

Answer 97

trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod that supports or anchors a framework of parts within a body or organ

Question 98

sterilization

Answer 98

destruction of all microbes (including viruses and endospores) from an object

Question 99

Aseptic

Answer 99

An environment or procedure that is free of contamination.

Question 100

Disinfection

Answer 100

Use of physical or chemical agents (disinfectants) to destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects

Question 101

Antisepsis

Answer 101

disinfection of living tissue (skin) with antiseptics

Question 102

Degerming

Answer 102

The removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing. Soap and alcohol are common degerming agents