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Hematology 2 PPT > WEEK 1- Introduction & The Vascular system > Flashcards

WEEK 1- Introduction & The Vascular system Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

a complex physiologic process that keeps circulating blood in a fluid state and then, when an injury occurs, produces a clot to stop the bleeding, confines the clot to the site of injury, and finally dissolves the clot as the wound heals

A

Hemostasis

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2
Q

uncontrolled bleeding

A

Hemorrhage

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3
Q

pathologic clotting

A

Thrombosis

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4
Q

Out of balance

A

Hemostasis

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5
Q

Overview of hemostasis

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelet adhesion and aggregation
Coagulation enzyme and activation

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6
Q

Cellular elements of hemostasis

A

Cells of vascular intima
Extravascular tissue factor (TF bearing cells)
Platelets

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7
Q

Plasma components of hemostasis

A

Coagulation proteins
Fibrinolytic proteins

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8
Q

Refers to the role of blood vessels and platelets in the initial response to a vascular injury or to the commonplace desquamation of dying or damaged endothelial cells

A

PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS

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9
Q

describes the activation of a series of coagulation proteins in the plasma, mostly serine proteases, to form a fibrin clot

A

Secondary Hemostasis

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10
Q

the final event of hemostasis

A

Fibrinolysis

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11
Q

the gradual digestion and removal of fibrin
clot as healing occurs

A

Fibrinolysis

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12
Q

Activated by desquamation and small injuries to blood vessels

A

Primary hemostasis

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13
Q

Activated by large injuries to blood vessels and surrounding tissues

A

Secondary hemostasis

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14
Q

Involves vascular intima and platelets

A

Primary hemostasis

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15
Q

Rapid, short-lived response

A

Primary hemostasis

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16
Q

Procoagulant substances exposed or released by damaged or activated endothelial cells

A

Primary hemostasis

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17
Q

Activated by large injuries to blood vessels and surrounding tissues

A

Secondary hemostasis

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18
Q

Delayed, long-term response

A

Secondary hemostasis

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19
Q

The activator, tissue factor, is exposed on cell membranes

A

Secondary hemostasis

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20
Q

Are complex and heterogeneous and distributed throughout the body

A

Endothelial cells

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21
Q

Display unique structural and functional characteristics and play essential roles in immune response, vascular permeability, proliferation, and hemostasis

A

Endothelial cells

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22
Q

Form a smooth, unbroken surface that eases the fluid passage of blood

A

Endothelial cells

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23
Q

Innermost vascular lining

A

Endothelial cells (endothelium)

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24
Q

Supporting the endothelial cells

A

Internal elastic lamina composed of elastin and collagen

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25
Subendothelial connective tissue
Collagen and fibroblasts in veins Collagen, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells in arteries
26
Anticoagulant Properties of Vascular Intima
Prostacyclin Nitric oxide Tissue factor pathway inhibitor Thrombomodulin Heparan sulfate
27
Procoagulant Properties of Vascular Intima
Vasoconstriction Collagen Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) ADAMTS-13 P-selectin Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecules (PECAMs) Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts Tissue Factor
28
Fibrinolytic Properties of Vascular Intima
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI)
29
Platelet Morphology size
2-4 um
30
Platelet Morphology shape
disk-shaped, biconvex/spiky
31
Plate morphology Cytoplasm
light blue to purple, presence of chromomere and hyalomere
32
Platelet morphology Chromomere
granular and located centrally
33
Platelet morphology hyalomere
agranular and located in the periphery
34
serves as the body's first line of defense against blood loss
Platelets
35
Platelets roll and cling to non platelet surfaces
Adhesion
36
Plateleys adhere to each other
Aggregation
37
Platelets discharge the contents of their granules
Secretion
38
Reversible
Adhesion
39
Irreversible
Aggregation Secretion
40
Seals endothelial gaps, some secretion of growth factors , in arterioles VWF is necessary for adhesion
Adhesion
41
Platelet plugs form, platelet contents are secreted, requires fibrinogen
Aggregation
42
Occurs during aggregation, platelet contents are secreted, essential to coagulation
Secretion
43
Platelet dense granules
Adenosine diphosphaye (activates neighboring platelets) Adenosine triphosphate Calcium Serotonin ( vasoconstrictor)
44
Plasma transports at least 16 procoagulant, also called
Coagulation fctors
45
Coagulation factors are synthesized in
Liver
46
How many enzymes that circulate as zymogens
8
47
In ________, the International Committee for the Standardization of the Nomenclature of the Blood Clotting Factors officially named the plasma procoagulants using _______________ in the order of their __________________.
1958 Roman numerals Initial discovery / description
48
Factor 1
Fibrinogen
49
Factor II
Prothrombin
50
Factor III
Tissue factor
51
Factor IV
Ionic calcium
52
Factor VIII
Antihemophilic factor
53
Factor IX
Christmas factor
54
Factor X
Stuart-prower factor
55
Factor XII
Hageman factor
56
Prekallikrein
Fletcher factor
57
HMWK
Fritzegerald factor
58
Factor XIII
Fibrin-stabilizing factor
59
Platelet factor 3
Phospholipids, phosphatidyl serine, PF 3
60
Serine proteases
FACTOR IX, X,XI,VII, II, XII, pre-K
61
Thrombin substrate, polymerizes to form fibrin
Factor I - Fibrinogen
62
Cofactors
Factor III Factor V Factor VIII HMWK
63
Mineral
Factor IV- ionic calcium
64
Factor VIII carrier and platelet adhesion
Von willebrand factor
65
Transglutaminase, transamidase
Factor XIII
66
Zymogens
• Prekallikrein . FXII . FXI . FIX F X *FVII * Prothrombin * FXIII
67
Procoagulants in cofactor
HMWK TISSUE FACTOR FVIII FV
68
Coagulation control proteins
Protein Z Protein S Thrombomodulin
69
These are named prothrombin group because of their structural resemblance to prothrombin
Vitamin-K Dependent Prothrombin Group
70
_____________ quinone found in green leafy vegetables and is produced by the intestinal organisms ____________ and ______________.
Vitamin K Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli
71
Vitamin K-Dependent Coagulation Factors Procoagulants
Prothrombin VII IX X
72
Vitamin K-Dependent Coagulation Factors Regulatory Proteins
Protein C Protein S Protein Z
73
The pathways were characterized as cascades in that as one enzyme becomes activated, it in turn activated the next enzyme in sequence
Coagulation Pathways
74
Coagulation Pathways
● Intrinsic pathway ● Extrinsic pathway ● Common pathway
75
Intrinsic Pathway
VIII, IX, XI, XII I, II, V, X
76
Extrinsic Pathway
VII I, II, V, X
77
Common pathway
I, II, V, X
78
The coagulation pathways are ____________
INTERDEPENDENT
79
Normal physiologic coagulation requires the presence of two cell types for formation of coagulation complexes:
1. Cells that express tissue factor (usually extravascular) 2. Platelets (intravascular)
80
Two Phases of Coagulation
Initiation Propagation
81
Occurs on tissue-factor bearing cells
Initiation
82
Occurring on platelets
Propagation
83
Ensures that coagulation is localized and is not a systemic response (prevents excessive clotting or thrombosis)
Coagulation Regulatory Mechanisms
84
Principal regulators
1. Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) 2. Activated Protein C (APC) 3. Antithombin (AT)
85
The final stage of hemostatic activation
Fibrinolysis
86
Is the systematic, accelerating hydrolysis of fibrin by plasmin
Fibrinolysis
87
binds to the lysine moieties on the fibrin molecule
Plasminogen
88
active form of plasminogen
Plasmin
89
Plasminogen Activation
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (UPA)
90
Control of Fibrinolysis
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Alpha 2- Antiplasmin Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis
91
Active form is the plasma serine protease plasmin, digests fibrin/fibrinogen
Plasminogen
92
Serine protease secreted by activated endothelium, activates plasminogen
Tissue plasminogen activator (TA)
93
Serine protease secreted by kidney cells, activates plasminogen
Urokinase plasminogen activator (UPA)
94
Serpin secreted by endothelium, inhibits tissue plasmino- gen activator
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
95
Serpin, inhibits free plasmin
A2-Antiplasmin
96
Suppresses fibrinolysis by removing fibrin C-terminal lysine binding sites blocking TPA and plasminogen binding
Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)
97
soft tissue hemorrhage – a generalized bleeding that is seen in acquired or congenital defects in secondary hemostasis
Anatomic hemorrhage
98
Pattern of inheritance in which the transmission of a dominant allele on an autosome causes a trait to be expressed in heterozygotes
Autosomal dominant
99
Pattern of inheritance resulting from the transmission of a recessive allele that is not expressed in heterozygotes
Autosomal recessive
100
Hemorrhagic spot, 1 cm or larger in diameter, typically forming an irregular blue or purplish patch. Also known as bruise
Ecchymoses
101
Nosebleed that requires intervention
Epistaxis
102
Bleeding from multiple sites, spontaneous and recurring bleeds, or hemorrhage that requires physical intervention of transfusion.
Generalized hemorrhage
103
Chronic joint bleeds that cause inflammation and immobilization
Hemarthroses
104
Vomiting of bright red blood
Hematemesis
105
Localized collection of extravasated blood, usually clotted, in an organ space or tissue
Hematoma
106
Intact RBCs in the urine
Hematuria
107
Free hemoglobin in the urine
Hemoglobinuria
108
Expectoration of blood secondary to hemorrhage in the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Hemoptysis
109
Acute severe blood loss requiring intervention and transfusions
Hemorrhage
110
Passage of fresh, red blood in your stool
Hematochezia
111
Bleeding from a single location
Localized hemorrhage
112
Stool containing dark red or black blood
Melena
113
Abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual periods
Menorrhagia
114
Or systemic bleeding – a generalized bleeding that may indicate a disorder of primary hemostasis
Mucocutaneous hemorrhage
115
Pinpoint purple or red spots on the skin or mucous membranes, approximately 1mm in diameter
Petechiae
116
Purple skin discoloration, typically rounded with a diameter of greater than 3mm
Purpura
117
Formation, development, or presence of a clot in a blood vessel
Thrombosis

Hematology 2 PPT (12 decks)

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