week 1 lecture

Question 1

what is pathophysiology?

Answer 1

study of disordered physiological processes associated with disease and injury

Question 2

define etiology

Answer 2

study of causes or reasons
identifies causal factors that provoke a particular disease or injury

Question 3

define pathogenesis

Answer 3

the development and evolution of the disease

Question 4

define idiopathic

Answer 4

cause unknown

Question 5

define iatrogenic

Answer 5

cause resulting from unintended or unwanted diagnostic or therapeutic procedure/treatment AKA its caused by healthcare
ex: pneumothorax= nicking the lung

Question 6

define congenital

Answer 6

something you are born with

Question 7

define multifactorial

Answer 7

involving or dependent on a number of factors or causes
ex: poor diet which can lead to diabetes

Question 8

define risk factors

Answer 8

presence increases the likelihood of risks
ex: smoking leads to heart attack but does not directly cause it

Question 9

define clinical manifestations

Answer 9

the physical result of some type of illness or infection

Question 10

sign vs symptom

Answer 10

sign: objective AKA observed
ex: vital signs, weight, lab results
symptoms: subjective feeling of abnormality
pain, nausea, fatigue

Question 11

define syndrome

Answer 11

group of co-occurring signs and symptoms with unknown etiology
ex: SIDS

Question 12

treatment: curative

Answer 12

actually fights directly against the cause of the disease

Question 13

treatment: supportive

Answer 13

any care that helps facilitate normal bodily functions, AKA maintaining physiology
ex: no meds for a virus

Question 14

treatment: palliative

Answer 14

comfort focused care, mostly but not limited to end of life care
ex: treat nausea for cancer pts

Question 15

latent period

Answer 15

between a pts exposure to infectious agents & the time you develop first signs & symptoms

Question 16

prodromal period

Answer 16

when you develop the first signs & symptoms
-usually vague symptoms

Question 17

subclinical stage

Answer 17

disease is developing in your body & you don’t know
ex: cancer

Question 18

actue clinical course

Answer 18

disease develops quickly and goes away quickly
ex: influenza

Question 19

chronic clinical course

Answer 19

disease develops slowly & goes away slowly
ex: hypertension

Question 20

exacerbation

Answer 20

worsening of symptoms

Question 21

remission

Answer 21

symptoms are getting better

Question 22

convalescence

Answer 22

period of rest or recovery after a period of disease/injury/surgery

Question 23

sequela

Answer 23

the residual effects of a disease or injury that occur for a long period of time
ex: scar from surgery

Question 24

complication

Answer 24

unanticipated core outcome related to an illness or injury
ex: surgery that leads to a surgical wound getting infected

Question 25

diagnostic test: reliability & example

Answer 25

test’s ability to give the same results in repeated measurements *ex: scale weighing*

Question 26

diagnostic test: validity

Answer 26

degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure (accuracy)

Question 27

diagnostic test: predictive value & example

Answer 27

extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person’s condition *ex: OTC pregnancy test*

Question 28

sensitivity vs specificity

Answer 28

sensitivity: tests ability to accurately detect positive results specificity: test ability to accurately identify negative results

Question 29

what is epidemiology?

Answer 29

study of the patterns of disease involving populations

Question 30

endemic disease

Answer 30

native or normal for a particular time & place *ex: lyme disease*

Question 31

epidemic disease

Answer 31

actively spreading in a particular region

Question 32

pandemic disease

Answer 32

an epidemic but spreads across regions

Question 33

what are five factors that affect patterns of disease?

Answer 33

-Age -Sex/Gender -Socioeconomic Status/Lifestyle Factors -Geographic Location -Race/Ethnic Groups (social difference)

Question 34

levels of prevention: primary prevention & example

Answer 34

targets the well population *ex: promoting immunizations and promoting wearing seatbelts*

Question 35

levels of prevention: secondary prevention & example

Answer 35

targets people at risk of a health problem *ex: cancer screening*

Question 36

levels of prevention: tertiary prevention & example

Answer 36

targets people with a health problem *ex: stroke pt going to speech therapy*

Question 37

homeostasis vs allostasis

Answer 37

homeostasis: a state in which all body systems are in perfect balance at an ideal “set point” allostasis: ability to successfully adapt to challenges in our everyday lives *ex of allostasis: sitting down in lecture & you stand up after a while & you feel dizzy but your body adjusts very quickly & heart rate adjusts*

Question 38

what kinds of agents can produce stress and danger to homeostasis?

Answer 38

-External -Physical -Chemical -Emotional -Biological -Social -Cultural

Question 39

what is the general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 39

describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative

Question 40

what are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 40

1. alarm reaction 2. stage of resistance (adaptation) 3. stage of exhaustion

Question 41

1. alarm reaction phase and what gets activated?

Answer 41

-fight or flight response due to stressful stimulus -hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activated

Question 42

2. stage of resistance (adaptation) phase

Answer 42

increased activity of the nervous system and the endocrine systems to return the body to homeostasis

Question 43

what is allostatic state?

Answer 43

the activity of various systems in attempting to restore homeostasis

Question 44

3. stage of exhaustion phase

Answer 44

point of where the body can no longer return to homeostasis

Question 45

what is allostatic overload?

Answer 45

-“cost” of body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response -"wear and tear" on body

Question 46

define distress

Answer 46

perceived inability to cope with a stressor

Question 47

define coping

Answer 47

behavioral adaptive response

Question 48

define adaptation

Answer 48

biophysical change in response to new circumstance