Week 1 objective-related

Question 1

What spot located under the neural plate is responsible for signaling the neural tube to close

Answer 1

the Notochord

Question 2

What happens if the neural tube doesn’t fully close?

Answer 2

spina bifida or anencephaly

Question 3

how do you screen and prevent neural tube defects?

Answer 3

AFP is the screening marker and folate must be given BEFORE conception

Question 4

Before migration. neurons undergo their first mitotic birthday. Where does this occur?

Answer 4

In the neural tube

Question 5

What cells from the neural tube maintain ability to replicate even after migrating away from the neural tube?

Answer 5

Glial cells

Question 6

Floorplate becomes dorsal/ventral

Roofplate becomes dorsal/ventral

Answer 6

Roofplate is future dorsal (alar)

Floorplate is future ventral (basal plate)

Question 7

What are the steps in making neuronal connections

Answer 7

neuronal migration

Trophic factors

Synapse Elimination (plasticity)

Maturation of neuronal connections

Question 8

The cortex develops with the help of what cells that help guide neurons at the inner zone to keep growing out?

Answer 8

Radial glial cells

“inside out” development of the cortex

Question 9

What produce the trophic factors?

Answer 9

The neuronal targets

Question 10

what genes guide segementation

Answer 10

HOMEBOX

Question 11

What are the 3 main trophic factor families you should know

Answer 11

NGF

BDNF

NT-3

Question 12

NGF populates what neurons?

Answer 12

Sympathetic
Nociceptive
Cholinergic basal forebrain

Question 13

BDNF, NT-4/5 neuronal population?

Answer 13

motoneurons (alpha)
vestibular sensory
peripheral sensory
cranial ganglia
cortical neurons

Question 14

NT-3

Answer 14

Proprioceptive sensory
Motorneurons (gamma)
Cranial ganglion (nodose)
Corticospinal neurons

Question 15

Neurotrophic actions are mediated when receptor-ligand complexes move from where to where

Answer 15

From the periphery toward the soma, so it’s altered anytime retrograde transport is affected

Question 16

If there isn’t a target for a neuron to innervate what happend?

Answer 16

NOCD

Question 17

Congenital Insensitivty to Pain with Anhidrosis is related to what part of the trophic factor pathway?

Answer 17

LOF mutation resulting in developmental apoposis of specific neuronal population (TrkA mut)

This is a loss of NGF-dependent primary sensory neurons and postgang symps

Lissauers and spinothalamic tract indiscernible at autopsy

Question 18

You can give trophic factors to help repopulate neurons. Where would these trophic factros act?

Answer 18

On the target

ex: GDNF = VEGF increases survival

Question 19

Anterograde transport utilizes which intermediate filament?

Answer 19

Kinesin

Question 20

Retrograde transport (movement toward the cell soma) utilizes what intermediate filament?

Answer 20

dynein

Question 21

fibrous astrocytes have fine long straight processes and they’re found in

Answer 21

white matter

Question 22

protoplasmic astrocytes have wavy thin fluffy processes and are found in

Answer 22

gray matter

Question 23

åstrocytes have many important functions including electrolyte balance particularly regarding which ions

Answer 23

K+

Question 24

oligodendrocytes can myelinate many or few internodes?

Answer 24

up to 50

Question 25

Schwann cells are of ______ orign

Answer 25

neural crest

Question 26

Microglia are of ______ origin

Answer 26

mesodermal

Question 27

Are the endothelial cells or the astrocytic foot processes the ones that prevent easy diffusion/transport to form the blood brain barrier?

Answer 27

The specialized endothelial cells are the ones that have the zonula occludens.

Question 28

Fluid path of the CSF

Answer 28

``` Lateral Ventricle 3rd vent Cerebral aqueduct 4th Ventricle Subarachnoid space Arachnoid granulations Venus Drainage ```

Question 29

Choroid plexus is derived from the

Answer 29

ependyma`

Question 30

Transduction of a sensory stimulus leads to a generator ______

Answer 30

generator potential

Question 31

What mechanoreceptors are slow adapting? Fast?

Answer 31

Meisner Pacinian is fast (adapts quickly over time, no longer firing/ sensing it as time goes by

Question 32

What aspect of neuronal layout allows us to sense location/physical mapping?

Answer 32

REceptive Fields smaller= higher acuity more overlap= higher resolution

Question 33

What is the labelled line theory of sensory code?

Answer 33

That axons are specifically coded to respond to specific stimuli

Question 34

Exteroreceptors and their stimuli?

Answer 34

Meissner's: touch Merkels: touch Hair cells: touch Krause end bulbs: pressure and vibration Ruffini endings: stretch

Question 35

Proprioceptors that convey state of internal

Answer 35

Pacinian Corpuscles Joint REceptors Muscle Spindles Golgi Tendon ORgans

Question 36

Discriminative touch receptors are all innervated by what type of fiber?

Answer 36

A-beta

Question 37

A fast adapting receptor like Pacninan will show hat type of neural activity over time?

Answer 37

it will show activity at the onset of the stimulus and then no activity

Question 38

Pain and temperature are transduced by free nerve endings which are conducted on what fibers? What do the membrane receptors react to?

Answer 38

Alpha delta, C PG, histamine, substance P to respnod to tissue damage

Question 39

What are the predominant stretch receptors iwthin the muscles?

Answer 39

muscle spindles

Question 40

Efferent and afferent innervation of muscle spindle cells

Answer 40

efferent: gamma afferent: Ia (primary), II (secondary)

Question 41

Proprioception golgi tendon organs

Answer 41

Extrafusal muscle fibers contract This stretches eleastic fibers of GTO Ib afferent nerve endings are deformed Increased depolarization of nerve endings Increase in Ib afferent firing

Question 42

Glutamate receptor subtypes?

Answer 42

AMPA/kainate NMDA Metabotropic

Question 43

GABA recetptor subtypes

Answer 43

GABA (A and B) in the retina: GABA (C)

Question 44

ACh receptor subtypes?

Answer 44

Nicotinic Muscarinic (parasympathetic ganglia) Muscarinic and Nicotinic in brain

Question 45

NE receptor subtypes?

Answer 45

alpha and beta

Question 46

Dopamine receptor subtypes?

Answer 46

D(1-5)

Question 47

Serotonin receptor subtypes?

Answer 47

5-HT subtypes

Question 48

Direct Gating (Ionotropic ligand-gated receptors) include, these are fast whereas indirect are slower but have longer effect

Answer 48

Glutamate, ACh, GABA, glycine, Serotonin this is when a neurotrasmitter binds and opens up an ion channel within the membrane

Question 49

Choline acetyletransferase is important for

Answer 49

combining Acetate and 3-c backbone to Acetylcholine

Question 50

Tyrosine is a precursor for which neurotransmitters?

Answer 50

NE | Dopamine

Question 51

Dopamine increase blood flow to

Answer 51

Kidneys

Question 52

Serotonin is found throughout the ____ tract

Answer 52

GI

Question 53

The glia maintain appropriate levels of what major excitatory neurotransmitter?

Answer 53

Glutamate

Question 54

What's important to note about the post-synaptic receptors of GABA?

Answer 54

needs 2 GPCRs to dimerize in order to work.

Question 55

ACh M1 and nicotinic receptors are excitatory for different reasons. Why

Answer 55

M1-R decrease K= conductance which prevents hyperpolarization after the action potential and increases IP3 and DAG

Question 56

Norepinephrine excitatory and inhibitory receptors?

Answer 56

Alpha 1= excitatory by decreasing K conductance Alpha 2 inhibitory by decreasing presynaptic calcium conductance and increasing postsynaptic potassium conductance, decreasing cAMP Beta are GPCR that ca do both

Question 57

Dopamine excitatory and inhibitory receptors?

Answer 57

D1 excitatory D2 inhibitory

Question 58

5-HT2A, 3, 4 are all

Answer 58

excitatory

Question 59

opioids binding to mu, delta, kappa are

Answer 59

inhibitory via decreasing of Ca, cAMP, potassium

Question 60

opioid peptides

Answer 60

Enkephalin Endorphin Dynorphin

Question 61

Sites of action for opioid analgesics

Answer 61

Primary Brainstem/medullary centers (Periaqueductal grey matter, nucleus Raphe, magnus) Limbic system targets Spinal cord Periphery