Week 1 Part 2

Question 1

Noxious (harmful, unpleasant)

Answer 1

Mechanical pain

Question 2

Innoxious (harmless)

Answer 2

Low threshold mechanoreceptors

Question 3

What is TRKC receptors?

Answer 3

Wrap around hair

Found in merkel cells, Corpuscle

Question 4

What is TRAP1?

Answer 4

Found in rats and not in humans

Meant to be cold receptors

Question 5

What are the functional properties of peripheral afferent receptors?

Answer 5

High threshold - mechanical pain

Itching

Question 6

What is Exteroceptors?

Answer 6

Cutaneous mechanoreceptors

Transduce physical stimuli from body wall

Question 7

What is proprioceptors?

Answer 7

Deep mechanoreceptors

Transduce physical stimuli from within body

Question 8

What is nociceptors?

Answer 8

Transduce noxious stimuli

Question 9

What is thermoreceptors?

Answer 9

Transduce temperature stimuli

Question 10

What is itch?

Answer 10

Transduce itch stimuli

Question 11

What are the two types of primary afferent?

Answer 11

A fibres

C fibres

Question 12

What is A fibre?

Answer 12

Myelinated

Question 13

What is C fibres?

Answer 13

Unmyelinated

Found in bundles called remak bundles

Question 14

Why is myelinated conduction faster?

Answer 14

Saltatory conduction

Question 15

Where does first pain you feel come from?

Answer 15

Ad fibres

Question 16

What gives second type of pain?

Answer 16

C fibres

Question 17

What surrounds a single bundle of nerve axons?

Answer 17

Perineurium

Question 18

What are interneurons?

Answer 18

Multipolar

Question 19

What are DRG neurons classified by?

Answer 19

1. Size
2. Protein expression
3. Myelination +/- peptidergic

Question 20

What do you stain small DRG neurons with?

Answer 20

IB4

Question 21

What do you stain medium DRG neurons?

Answer 21

CGRP

Question 22

What do you stain large DRG neuron by?

Answer 22

NF200

Question 23

If neurons don’t have peptides in them what will they be?

Answer 23

IB4+, P2X3 positive

Question 24

What are two roots within DRG?

Answer 24

1. Dorsal root

2. Ventral root

Question 25

What comes together to form spinal nerve?

Answer 25

1. Dorsal root | 2. Ventral root

Question 26

What is Orthodromic?

Answer 26

Normal direction of conduction

Question 27

In case of injury what direction does Orthodromic follow?

Answer 27

Injury —> cell body —> spinal cord

Question 28

What is antidromic conduction?

Answer 28

Opposite normal direction of conduction | Go from CNS —> skin

Question 29

If the injury occurs at the cell body, what does it release?

Answer 29

Substance P

Question 30

What does DRG run up and meet up with?

Answer 30

Run up the dorsal root | Meet at dorsal root entry root

Question 31

What is DREZ?

Answer 31

Boundary between PNS and CNS for sensory axons

Question 32

Where do Ad and C fibre enter?

Answer 32

Dorsal horn | Ascend and descend 1-2 spinal segments in Lissauer’s tract

Question 33

Where does C fibre terminate ?

Answer 33

Predominantly in lamina I-V

Question 34

Where does Ad fibre terminate ?

Answer 34

Lamina I, V & X

Question 35

High threshold

Answer 35

Detect mechanical pain

Question 36

What is within grey matter?

Answer 36

Dorsal horn Intermediate column/lamina Lamina rex

Question 37

Where does large diameter myelinated afferent enter?

Answer 37

Medially through posterior funiculus

Question 38

Where does small diameter unmyelinated afferent enter?

Answer 38

Literally near substantia gelatinosa

Question 39

What does afferents form contacts with?

Answer 39

Interneurons | Directly onto motor neurons

Question 40

Where are motor neuron pools generated?

Answer 40

Ventral horn

Question 41

How are motor neuron pools for distal muscles located?

Answer 41

Laterally in the spinal cord

Question 42

How are motor neuron pools for axial muscle located?

Answer 42

Medically in the spinal cord

Question 43

How are motor neuron pools for flexor muscles located?

Answer 43

Dorsal in the spinal cord

Question 44

What controls the muscles for arms and legs?

Answer 44

Cervical and lumbar

Question 45

What is corticospinal tract?

Answer 45

Fine motor control of limbs and trunks

Question 46

Where is the location of the corticospinal tract for human?

Answer 46

Lateral

Question 47

Where is the location of the corticospinal tract for rat/mouse?

Answer 47

Base of dorsal funiculus/column

Question 48

Corticospinal tract

Answer 48

Size: Humans > rodents

Question 49

What is Rubrospinal tract?

Answer 49

Voluntary motor control | Gross motor and motor velocity

Question 50

Rubrospinal tract

Answer 50

Size: Rodents > Humans

Question 51

What is Raphe spinal tract?

Answer 51

Modulate pain transmission | Size: Rodents > Human

Question 52

Which tract is depressed laterally and anteriorly within the spinal cord?

Answer 52

Corticospinal tract

Question 53

What is organisation based on?

Answer 53

Action

Question 54

How is the somatosensory topography imprinted onto spinal cord?

Answer 54

Active synaptic connections

Question 55

What is topographical organisation of tactile input in spinal cord ?

Answer 55

Action-based and not body map-based

Question 56

What are 2 types of dorsal horn interneurons?

Answer 56

Excitatory (e.g. glutamate) | Inhibitory (e.g. GABA, glycine, enkephalins)

Question 57

What are 2 types of oligodendrocytes?

Answer 57

``` Interfascicular (between nerve fibres in white matter) Perineuronal satellite (close to neuronal cell bodies in grey matter) ```

Question 58

What are 2 types of astrocytes?

Answer 58

Fibrous (long unbranched processes in white matter) | Protoplasmic (short and highly branched processes in grey matter)

Question 59

Microglia

Answer 59

Innate immune surveillance

Question 60

Endothelial cells

Answer 60

Lining of blood vessels