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Repair And Regeneration > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Caused by damage or disease affecting the nervous system

Described as shooting or burning pain

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2
Q

What are symptoms of Neuropathic pain?

A

Shooting and burning pain

Tingling and numbness

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3
Q

What occurs after injury?

A

Lose function/ motor function

Lose sensory innervation

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4
Q

Where is Dorsal root ganglion located?

A

Spinal column and level lumbar 4,5,6

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5
Q

What do you find peripherally?

A

Spinal nerve and contribute to sub-sciatic nerve

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6
Q

When is neuropathic pain common?

A

After partial injuries

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7
Q

What is the role of Dorsal root Ganglia?

A

Modulation of peripheral and central sensory processing that include:
Inflammation
Somatic pain
Development of neuropathic pain

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8
Q

How do you partially injure a nerve?

A

Ligate/ cut some sciatic nerve

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9
Q

What is chronic construction injury?

A

Putting ligatures around the nerve
Cause inflammatory action
Constricts it

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10
Q

What is chronic constriction injury model?

A

Left sciatic nerve of a rat is ligated causing inflammation and swelling
Model was evaluated via paw mechanical withdrawal latency and DRG immunohistochemistry

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11
Q

What is the features of chronic constriction injury model?

A
  1. Investigate both pathophysiology and potential thereapeutic agent for treatment of neuropathic pain
  2. Behavioural signs of spontaneous pain can be observed e.g. limping of hind paw
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12
Q

What is the symptoms of chronic neuropathic pain?

A

Spontaneous pain
Paraesthesia
Allodynia
Hyperalgesia

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13
Q

What is sciatic nerve injury?

A

Loss of movement

Lack of sensation

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14
Q

What does sciatic nerve Contain?

A

Motor and sensory axon

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15
Q

What is peripheral sensitisation?

A

Increased sensitivity to afferent nerve stimuli

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16
Q

What is central sensitisation?

A

Condition of the nervous system that is associated with development and maintenance of chronic pain

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17
Q

What happens to the distal portion of nerve after an injury?

A

The axons will die

It will be cut off from the cell body

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18
Q

What is a neuroma?

A

A collection of growth cones

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19
Q

What are the changes in the peripheral nerve?

A

Distal portions of the axon die

Proximal portions attempt to regrow in the direction of target

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20
Q

What happens when axon regrowth is unsuccessful?

A

Formation of a focal tangle of proliferated growth comes
Together with massive Schwann cell proliferation
In-migration of inflammatory cells forming a neurons

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21
Q

What is the first active inflammatory response?

A

Infiltration of the neutrophils

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22
Q

What would be an inflammatory mediator that would cause peripheral sensitisation?

A

Prostaglandin
Histamine
Protons/ATP

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23
Q

Why is inflammatory response required?

A

Tissue to heal
Bring more blood into the region of injury
Take away toxin substances

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24
Q

What is required for maintenance for functional recovery?

A

Chenophlayphin interleukin 2

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25
What is the role of clonidate?
Reduction in hypersensitivity and repair
26
What is wallerian (orthograde) degeneration?
Active process of degeneration that results when a nerve fibre is cut or crushed and the part of axon distal to injury degenerates No metabolic support of that portion
27
What happens when degeneration occurs?
The myelin sheath breaks down
28
What does wallerian degeneration show?
Mouse can have axons that are active | Able to propagate action potential up to 30 days
29
Axonal degeneration can occur before what other events?
Myelin sheath breakdown | Accumulation and axonal regeneration
30
What is maintaining the axon?
Peripheral tissue
31
Retrograde degeneration
Loss of trophic support from peripheral target tissue
32
What are the retrograde degeneration/changes?
Loss of trophic support from peripheral target Signal from degenerating axons Within hours, soma swells, reorganisation of nucleus and RER Synaptic transmission proteins goes down Growth associated proteins go up to enable regeneration Growth cones of neurites elongate
33
What does C fibre show?
Sprouting of intact axons going into a region they do not normally convey signals from
34
What can damages axons do and what can intact axons do?
Damaged axons go to where it should | Intact axons can sprout and take over function of denervated area
35
What stimulates sprouting?
Nerve growth factor
36
What are all nociceptors cells dependent on?
NGF
37
What receptors does NGF act through?
Neurotrophin receptors | Neurotrophin receptor kinase A
38
What is an high affinity receptor?
TRAK A
39
What is an accessory receptor ?
P75
40
What happens if we block NGDF treatment?
The sprouting does. It occur putting more NGF into system
41
Physiologically, where does NGF go up in?
Denervated skin in target tissue
42
What is C-fos?
Immediate early gene that’s activated quickly at the transcription of that factor
43
What is Paraesthesia?
Pins and needles
44
What is Hyperpathia?
Someone in chronic pain continually
45
What is Rhizotomy?
Surgical procedure that severe nerve roots in spinal cord
46
What is spontaneous activity generated by?
Cell body | Neuroma
47
What are neuroma?
Mechanosensitive Pressing a neuroma causes action potential to go from area of injury Originated from DRG
48
What does 20% of the injured muscle afferent have?
Large diameter myelinated fibres | No cutaneous afferent firing
49
What is peripheral nerve spared injury prep?
``` Cut some of them and leave others intact The area will still be innervating Detect signal Record from one site of injury Determine what’s active or not ```
50
What are low level C fibres essential for?
Central sensitisation
51
Where does inputs from C fibres constantly go into?
Spinal cord Lead to alterations in networks of spinal cord Plasticity in spinal cord - easier to excite those second order neurons
52
What factors are released centrally by C fibres that elicit central sensitisation
Peptide | Trophic factors
53
What is polyneuropathy?
Damage or disease affecting peripheral nerves in roughly the same area in both sides of body
54
What increases in the neuroma?
NaV1.3
55
What are important for bursting patterns?
NaV1.8
56
What regulates NaV1.3?
GDNF
57
What is asphalting connections?
Demyleinated regions can send action potential ultimately down both the intact as well as injured afferent
58
What is crossed after-discharge?
Neurotransmitters at the dorsal root ganglion May affect the function of intact axons, cells firing
59
What goes up around the cell body?
Potassium levels | Impact on threshold of cell
60
What is the consequence of down regulation of potassium channels?
Make cells more sensitive
61
What causes neuropathetic pain type syndrome?
siRNA knock down
62
What is Chromatolysis?
Packets of RER in normal neurons (missal substance) that becomes more diffused ultimately within an injury Messenger RNA tend to go more peripherally around cell
63
What causes more cell death?
Lesion close to the cell bodies
64
Injury
Cell side changes and generally gets smaller
65
What is stereology?
Assessing particularly small units, more or less randomly in different segments but adding all of the segments together in each of sample
66
What happens if EPAC is knocked out?
There is less Allodynia response through injury

Repair And Regeneration (16 decks)

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