Week 1 Quiz Flashcards
(42 cards)
Name and describe the three main approaches to studying anatomy.
- Regional anatomy - topographical analysis that organizes the body into major segments (head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs) which are then further divided into subregions
- Systemic anatomy - studying the body as a collection of systems that work together for complex function
- Clinical anatomy - incorporates regional and systemic anatomy and focuses on clinical application and problem-solving
What does correct anatomical position look like?
Person standing upright with the:
- Head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly
- Arms at sides with the palms facing anteriorly
- Lower limbs close together with feet parallel
Name and describe the three axes that form the anatomical planes.
- Coronal axis (x-axis): side to side
- Vertical axis (y-axis): up and down
- Anteroposterior axis (z-axis) front to back
Flexion and extension occur about the coronal axis
Rotation occurs about the vertical axis
Lateral flexion occurs about the AP axis
Name and describe the three anatomical planes.
- Sagittal plane - divides the body into right and left (dexter and sinister); flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane
- Frontal/coronal plane - divides body into anterior and posterior; abduction and abduction occur in the coronal plane
- Transverse/axial plane - divides the body into inferior and posterior; most rotation occurs in the transverse plane
What are sections and what are the three ways they can be made?
Sections are cuts of the body created by imaging that relates to internal structures within the area
Types of sections:
- Longitudinal
- Transverse
- Oblique
How is the body oriented in transverse and oblique sections?
You view these sections as if you are standing at the foot of the person’s bed looking up. The body is supine. The right side of the body will be on the left side of your screen and vice versa.
How is the body oriented in coronal plane longitudinal sections?
The sections are to be viewed as if the patient is facing you. The right side of their body will be on the left side of the screen, and vice versa.
Identify the four types of tissues.
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscular tissue
- Nervous tissue
Describe the embryonic origin of tissue.
A zygote is fertilized and gives rise to many cells which eventually form the embryo. Embryonic cells then differentiate into 3 distinctive germ layers - the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm.
The ectoderm forms skin cells, neurons, and pigment cells.
The mesoderm forms cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, tubule cells of kidneys, and RBCs
The endoderm forms lung cells, thyroid cells, and pancreatic cells
Describe the structure and function of epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue is made up of large sheets of cells that can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar. Layers can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. Epithelial tissue makes up mucous membranes and serous membranes. Functions of epithelial tissue are secretion and absorption. It is found anywhere we have lining/covering of organs.
Describe the structure and function of connective tissue.
CT is found in between other tissues and is more widely dispersed than epithelial tissue.
Structurally, CT is made up of fibroblasts and an extracellular matrix consisting of ground substance, collagenous fibers, and elastic fibers.
Types of CT are blood plasma, adipose tissue, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone.
Functionally, CT provides support, protection, and structure for other tissues and organs in the body.
Describe the structure and function of muscular tissue.
Skeletal muscle is striated in appearance and voluntary in function. Cardiac muscle is striated in appearance with intercalated discs, and is involuntary in function. Smooth muscle is not striated and is involuntary in function.
Describe the structure and function of nervous tissue.
Neurons are composed of a cell body with dendrites and an axon, which carry impulses to and from the cell body, respectively. Myelin sheaths enclose some axons and increase impulse conduction speed.
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling much of bodily movement.
Differentiate between gray matter and white matter.
White matter consists of many myelinated axons and few cell bodies. Gray matter consists of few myelinated axons and many cell bodies.
Describe Schwann cells.
Schwann cells function to support neurons and can either be myelinating or non-myelinating. Myelinating Schwann cells form the myelin sheath and speed up impulse conduction. Schwann cells are involved in conduction, extracellular matrix, synaptic activity, etc.
Compare myelinated and non-myelinated cells.
Action potential propagation in myelinated cells is faster than in un-myelinated neurons because of Saltatory conduction
Describe the function of neuroglia.
AKA glial cells, neuroglia work to maintain homeostasis and are the “glue” of the nervous system.
Functions:
- surround neurons and hold them in place
- supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
- insulate one neuron from another
- destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons
Give an example of an organ’s parenchyma and stroma.
Parenchyma refers to the bulk of the organ, and stroma is everything else. Examples include:
Kidney - parenchyma is epithelial tissue, stroma is blood vessels, nerves, CT
Heart - parenchyma is muscle tissue, stroma is nerves, intrinsic blood vessels, CT
Brain - parenchyma is nervous tissue, stroma is blood vessels within the brain, CT
Describe the structure and function of the integumentary system.
Consists of the skin and its appendages
Functions are protection, temperature control, sensation
Layers of the integumentary system:
- Epidermis - keratinized epithelium; tough, horny superficial layer; avascular; contains afferent nerve endings for pain/touch/temperature
- Dermis - dense layer of collagen and elastic fibers that contributes to skin strength and tone; hair follicles and arrector muscles found here
- Subcutaneous tissue - composed mostly of CT and stored fat; sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, retinacula cutis, and cutaneous nerves also found here; FOR THERMOREGULATION
- Deep fascia - dense, organized CT that invests musculature and form compartments that maintain muscular alignment and prevent spread of infection; functions are connection and communication
Melanocytes are stored in the dermis, adipose tissue is stored in the subcutaneous tissue
Describe the structure and function of the skeletal system.
Divided into axial (head, neck, trunk) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles) and composed of cartilage and bones.
Cartilage is made of resilient, semi-rigid CT and functions to give more mobility to skeleton (costal cartilage) and provide smooth, low-friction gliding (articular cartilage).
Bone is a rigid form of CT and functions to provide:
- Support for the body and its cavities
- Protection for vital structures
- Movement through leverage
- Storage for salts
- Formation of blood cells (marrow)
- Endocrine regulation
Describe the classification of bones.
Long bones - femur Short bones - ankle, wrist Flat bones - skull, scapula, ribs Irregular bones - face, vertebrae Sesamoid bones - patella
Compare and contrast the specific structure and function of compact and spongy bone.
Compact bone provides strength for weight bearing and spongy bone balances this out to make the bone lighter for easier movement. All bones have a thin superficial layer of compact bone that surrounds the spongy bone core. In the middle of the spongy bone resides the medullary cavity where bone marrow resides.
Compare and contrast intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
Bones derive from the mesenchyme through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
Intramembranous ossification - mesenchymal models of bone form during the embryonic period and direct ossification of the mesenchyme begins during the fetal period. This resembles the natural healing process of bone following a fracture.
Endochondral ossification - mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts which form the cartilaginous bone model. The mid region of the bone ossifies first, forming the primary ossification center at the diaphysis, which grows as the bone develops. Epiphyses are later ossified as the second ossification centers. In adulthood, the diaphysis and epiphysis fuse. This is how long bones form.
Describe the three types of skeletal joints.
- Fibrous joints (synarthroses) - no movement, united by fibrous tissue. Ex: skull sutures
- Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses) - little movement, united by hyaline (primary) or fibrocartilage (secondary). Ex: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
- Synovial joints (diarthroses) - freely moveable; have a joint cavity, synovial membrane with fluid, articular cartilage, and a fibrous capsule
