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Anatomy I > Week 1 Quiz > Flashcards

Week 1 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Name and describe the three main approaches to studying anatomy.

A
  1. Regional anatomy - topographical analysis that organizes the body into major segments (head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs) which are then further divided into subregions
  2. Systemic anatomy - studying the body as a collection of systems that work together for complex function
  3. Clinical anatomy - incorporates regional and systemic anatomy and focuses on clinical application and problem-solving
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2
Q

What does correct anatomical position look like?

A

Person standing upright with the:

  • Head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly
  • Arms at sides with the palms facing anteriorly
  • Lower limbs close together with feet parallel
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3
Q

Name and describe the three axes that form the anatomical planes.

A
  1. Coronal axis (x-axis): side to side
  2. Vertical axis (y-axis): up and down
  3. Anteroposterior axis (z-axis) front to back

Flexion and extension occur about the coronal axis
Rotation occurs about the vertical axis
Lateral flexion occurs about the AP axis

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4
Q

Name and describe the three anatomical planes.

A
  1. Sagittal plane - divides the body into right and left (dexter and sinister); flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane
  2. Frontal/coronal plane - divides body into anterior and posterior; abduction and abduction occur in the coronal plane
  3. Transverse/axial plane - divides the body into inferior and posterior; most rotation occurs in the transverse plane
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5
Q

What are sections and what are the three ways they can be made?

A

Sections are cuts of the body created by imaging that relates to internal structures within the area

Types of sections:

  1. Longitudinal
  2. Transverse
  3. Oblique
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6
Q

How is the body oriented in transverse and oblique sections?

A

You view these sections as if you are standing at the foot of the person’s bed looking up. The body is supine. The right side of the body will be on the left side of your screen and vice versa.

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7
Q

How is the body oriented in coronal plane longitudinal sections?

A

The sections are to be viewed as if the patient is facing you. The right side of their body will be on the left side of the screen, and vice versa.

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8
Q

Identify the four types of tissues.

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscular tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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9
Q

Describe the embryonic origin of tissue.

A

A zygote is fertilized and gives rise to many cells which eventually form the embryo. Embryonic cells then differentiate into 3 distinctive germ layers - the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm.

The ectoderm forms skin cells, neurons, and pigment cells.

The mesoderm forms cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, tubule cells of kidneys, and RBCs

The endoderm forms lung cells, thyroid cells, and pancreatic cells

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10
Q

Describe the structure and function of epithelial tissue.

A

Epithelial tissue is made up of large sheets of cells that can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar. Layers can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. Epithelial tissue makes up mucous membranes and serous membranes. Functions of epithelial tissue are secretion and absorption. It is found anywhere we have lining/covering of organs.

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11
Q

Describe the structure and function of connective tissue.

A

CT is found in between other tissues and is more widely dispersed than epithelial tissue.
Structurally, CT is made up of fibroblasts and an extracellular matrix consisting of ground substance, collagenous fibers, and elastic fibers.
Types of CT are blood plasma, adipose tissue, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone.
Functionally, CT provides support, protection, and structure for other tissues and organs in the body.

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of muscular tissue.

A

Skeletal muscle is striated in appearance and voluntary in function. Cardiac muscle is striated in appearance with intercalated discs, and is involuntary in function. Smooth muscle is not striated and is involuntary in function.

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13
Q

Describe the structure and function of nervous tissue.

A

Neurons are composed of a cell body with dendrites and an axon, which carry impulses to and from the cell body, respectively. Myelin sheaths enclose some axons and increase impulse conduction speed.
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling much of bodily movement.

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14
Q

Differentiate between gray matter and white matter.

A

White matter consists of many myelinated axons and few cell bodies. Gray matter consists of few myelinated axons and many cell bodies.

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15
Q

Describe Schwann cells.

A

Schwann cells function to support neurons and can either be myelinating or non-myelinating. Myelinating Schwann cells form the myelin sheath and speed up impulse conduction. Schwann cells are involved in conduction, extracellular matrix, synaptic activity, etc.

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16
Q

Compare myelinated and non-myelinated cells.

A

Action potential propagation in myelinated cells is faster than in un-myelinated neurons because of Saltatory conduction

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17
Q

Describe the function of neuroglia.

A

AKA glial cells, neuroglia work to maintain homeostasis and are the “glue” of the nervous system.

Functions:

  • surround neurons and hold them in place
  • supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
  • insulate one neuron from another
  • destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons
18
Q

Give an example of an organ’s parenchyma and stroma.

A

Parenchyma refers to the bulk of the organ, and stroma is everything else. Examples include:

Kidney - parenchyma is epithelial tissue, stroma is blood vessels, nerves, CT
Heart - parenchyma is muscle tissue, stroma is nerves, intrinsic blood vessels, CT
Brain - parenchyma is nervous tissue, stroma is blood vessels within the brain, CT

19
Q

Describe the structure and function of the integumentary system.

A

Consists of the skin and its appendages

Functions are protection, temperature control, sensation

Layers of the integumentary system:

  • Epidermis - keratinized epithelium; tough, horny superficial layer; avascular; contains afferent nerve endings for pain/touch/temperature
  • Dermis - dense layer of collagen and elastic fibers that contributes to skin strength and tone; hair follicles and arrector muscles found here
  • Subcutaneous tissue - composed mostly of CT and stored fat; sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, retinacula cutis, and cutaneous nerves also found here; FOR THERMOREGULATION
  • Deep fascia - dense, organized CT that invests musculature and form compartments that maintain muscular alignment and prevent spread of infection; functions are connection and communication

Melanocytes are stored in the dermis, adipose tissue is stored in the subcutaneous tissue

20
Q

Describe the structure and function of the skeletal system.

A

Divided into axial (head, neck, trunk) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles) and composed of cartilage and bones.

Cartilage is made of resilient, semi-rigid CT and functions to give more mobility to skeleton (costal cartilage) and provide smooth, low-friction gliding (articular cartilage).

Bone is a rigid form of CT and functions to provide:

  • Support for the body and its cavities
  • Protection for vital structures
  • Movement through leverage
  • Storage for salts
  • Formation of blood cells (marrow)
  • Endocrine regulation
21
Q

Describe the classification of bones.

A 
Long bones - femur
Short bones - ankle, wrist
Flat bones - skull, scapula, ribs
Irregular bones - face, vertebrae
Sesamoid bones - patella
22
Q

Compare and contrast the specific structure and function of compact and spongy bone.

A

Compact bone provides strength for weight bearing and spongy bone balances this out to make the bone lighter for easier movement. All bones have a thin superficial layer of compact bone that surrounds the spongy bone core. In the middle of the spongy bone resides the medullary cavity where bone marrow resides.

23
Q

Compare and contrast intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

A

Bones derive from the mesenchyme through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.

Intramembranous ossification - mesenchymal models of bone form during the embryonic period and direct ossification of the mesenchyme begins during the fetal period. This resembles the natural healing process of bone following a fracture.

Endochondral ossification - mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts which form the cartilaginous bone model. The mid region of the bone ossifies first, forming the primary ossification center at the diaphysis, which grows as the bone develops. Epiphyses are later ossified as the second ossification centers. In adulthood, the diaphysis and epiphysis fuse. This is how long bones form.

24
Q

Describe the three types of skeletal joints.

A
  1. Fibrous joints (synarthroses) - no movement, united by fibrous tissue. Ex: skull sutures
  2. Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses) - little movement, united by hyaline (primary) or fibrocartilage (secondary). Ex: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
  3. Synovial joints (diarthroses) - freely moveable; have a joint cavity, synovial membrane with fluid, articular cartilage, and a fibrous capsule
25
Q

Describe the 6 types of synovial joints.

A
  1. Plane or gliding - nonaxial; AC joint
  2. Ball and socket - multiaxial; GH joint
  3. Hinge - uniaxial; IP joint
  4. Pivot - uniaxial; AA joint
  5. Saddle - biaxial; CMC at thumb
  6. Condyloid - biaxial; MCP joints
26
Q

Describe the different types of cartilage.

A
  1. Hyaline - most common, found lining articular surfaces
  2. Fibrocartilage - found in intervertebral discs, the pubis symphysis
  3. Elastic - rigid and elastic framework, found in ear and epiglottis
27
Q

Compare and contrast cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle.

A

Skeletal muscle is striated and has large, unbranched fibers with multiple, peripherally located nuclei. VOLUNTARY

Cardiac muscle is striated and has branching and anastomosing short fibers that are connected end to end with intercalated discs; single, central nucleus. UNVOLUNTARY

Smooth muscle consists of small, spindle-shaped fibers without striations and with a single central nucleus. UNVOLUNTARY

28
Q

Name the different muscular classifications and give examples of each.

A
  1. Flat - external oblique
  2. Pennate - extensor digitorum (uni), rectus femoris (bi), deltoid (multi)
  3. Fusiform - biceps brachii
  4. Convergent - pectoralis major
  5. Circular - orbicularis oris
  6. Quadrate - rectus abdominis
  7. Multiheaded or multi-bellied - triceps, biceps brachii
29
Q

Describe the structure of an artery, going from superficial to deep.

A 
Adventitia
Media
	- external elastic membrane
	- smooth muscle
Intima 
	- internal elastic layer
	- subendothelial layer
	- vascular endothelium
Lumen
30
Q

Describe the structure of a vein, going from superficial to deep.

A 
Adventitia
Media
	- smooth muscle
Intima
	- internal elastic layer
	- vascular endothelium
Valve cusp
Lumen
31
Q

Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system.

A

Transport of blood, oxygen, and nutrients

Removal of waste

32
Q

Describe the classification of arteries.

A

Large elastic arteries - AKA conducting arteries; the aorta and its branching arteries (subclavian, brachiocehpalic, carotid), pulmonary trunk and arteries

Medium muscular arteries - AKA distributing arteries; most of the named arteries including brachial, femoral, etc.

Small arteries - arterioles

33
Q

Describe the classification of veins.

A

Venues - smallest veins, form venous plexuses

Medium veins - most of the named superficial veins like cephalic and basalic veins of the UE

Large veins - superior vena cava

34
Q

Describe the function of the lymphatic system.

A

Lymph is clear watery substance that bathes all tissues and acts as an overflow system that provides drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins, debris, etc.

35
Q

Describe the drainage pattern of the lymphatic system.

A

Right lymphatic duct: drains lymph from the RUQ (right side of head, neck, and thorax plus the right upper limb) and enters the right venous angle (junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins)

Thoracic duct: drains lymph from rest of body to the left venous angle (junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins)

36
Q

Name and describe the basic imaging techniques.

A

X-ray - 2D snapshot in which dense structures (bone) are bright (radiopaque) and less dense structures are dark (radiolucent)

Computerized tomography (CT) - X-rays rotating around the body that can be rendered into 3D images

- Images are usually transverse sections 
- Viewed as though the patient is supine and you are at the foot of their bed looking up

Ultrasonography (US) - images formed from pulses of reflected US waves, can be viewed in real time, portable, low cost

MRI - similar technique to CT but with radio waves and better tissue differentiation
- Images can be reconstructed in any plane and can be tuned to visualize structures moving in real time

PET - body is injected with bioactive isotope that emits positrons, used to evaluate physiological organ function (usually brain)

37
Q

Describe the segments of the vertebral column.

A

33 irregular bones in total

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral - fused to form sacrum
4 coccygeal - fused to form coccyx
38
Q

Describe the structure of a typical vertebrae.

A

Body - weight bearing surface

Vertebral arch - composed of the pedicles and the laminae

Vertebral foramen - space created by the body and the vertebral arch

Vertebral canal - contains spinal cord, created by successive vertebral foramina

Spinous process - posterior extension adjacent to lamina

Transverse process - lateral projections

Superior articular process - on either side

Inferior articular process - on either side

Superior vertebral notch

Inferior vertebral notch

Intervertebral foramen - space created by superior and inferior vertebral notches

39
Q

Describe the development of the spine

A

Ossification starts at the upper lumbar spine and spreads superiorly and inferiorly, with calcification of vertebrae complete at 18-25 years of age

At birth, the nucleus pulposus (NP, inner part of intervertebral disc) is 90% fluid and the annulus (outer part of intervertebral disc) is 80% fluid

  1. At 15 months, bone becomes interconnected with cartilage
  2. Annulus attaches into the cartilage along the rim
  3. NP occupies a small space
  4. As a young child, the annulus has very good blood supply
  5. At 11-13 years, bone begins to deposit around the rim of the vertebral body to form the annular rim
  6. At 18, the endplate covers 3/4 of total disc-vertebral body surface
  7. With more growth, blood vessels regress from the outer perimeter of the annulus and the cartilage endplate and blood vessels retract into the vertebral body

^ possible mechanism for structural defects in cartilage endplate —> Schmorl’s Nodes

40
Q

Describe Schmorl’s Nodes.

A

Protrusion of intervertebral disc material through a break in the subchondral bone plate, and a displacement of the material into the vertebral body; causes “cartilaginous nodes”

Usually asymptomatic, not correlated w/ back pain, but potential to cause back pain later in life d/t moderate degenerative changes to the intervertebral discs

41
Q

Describe Scheuermann’s Disease

A

AKA kyphosis

Hereditary and mainly affects growing boys, US prevalence 0.4-8%

May be associated w/ blood vessel regression from the annulus

Involves lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebral bodies in which the anterior vertebral body height fails to keep up with the dorsal height, leading to thoracic kyphosis

Usually asymptomatic; if pain is present it may be caused by uneven compression on the discs and is aggravated by activity and eased by rest; decreased flexibility on testing, tightness in hamstrings

42
Q

Define lumbarization, sacralization, and spina bifida.

A

Lumbarization - S1 fails to fuse to S2, so it becomes L6

Sacralization - L5 fuses to S1

Spina bifida - incomplete closing of backbone, spinal cord and spinal nerves exposed

Anatomy I (14 decks)

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