Week 1 reading

Question 1

What is pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

The study of how the human body interacts with a drug

Question 2

What is the study of how the human body interacts with a drug called

Answer 2

pharmacokinetics

Question 3

What are the 3 mechanisms of pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism/Eliminatoin

Question 4

What is Pharmacodynamics

Answer 4

The study of the effects of a drug and its MOA

Question 5

The study of the effects of a drug and its MOA is called what

Answer 5

pharmacodynamics

Question 6

What are the 3 pharmacodynamic areas of study

Answer 6

Drug receptor binding dynamics
MOA of the drug
Physiologic response

Question 7

If you are studying drug administration, are you studying pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics?

Answer 7

Pharmacokinetics– how the body interacts with the drug

Question 8

If you are studying drug absorption, are you studying pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics?

Answer 8

Pharmacokinetics

Question 9

If you are studying drug distribution, are you studying pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics?

Answer 9

Pharmacokinetics

Question 10

If you are studying drug efficacy, are you studying pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics?

Answer 10

Pharmacodynamics (the response to the drug)

Question 11

If you are studying drug affinity, are you studying pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics?

Answer 11

Pharmacodynamics– how the drug binds to the molecular target

Question 12

If you are studying drug MOA, are you studying pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics?

Answer 12

Pharmacodynamics

Question 13

Absorption is the transfer of a drug from where to where

Answer 13

From the site of administration to the bloodstream

Question 14

What impacts absorption into the bloodstream

Answer 14

The drug’s physical and chemical properties( including lipid solubility, particle size, and degree of ionization)
The drug’s forumulation
Route of admininistration ( Oral, IV, IM)

Question 15

What are some of the ways that Absorption through the GI tract is affected

Answer 15

Luminal pH values in the GI tract
Surface area (small intestine is largest SA and most absorption occurs here)
Blood flow and perfusion (Decreased due to shock reduces absorption)

Question 16

Where does most absorption occur in oral routes of administration

Answer 16

Small intestine

Question 17

What type of administration did you give a patient if you are concerned about absorption through the GI tract?

Answer 17

Oral administration

Question 18

How do drugs cross the epithelial membranes in the GI tract?

Answer 18

Passive diffusion depending on the concentration, or facilitated passive diffusion(no energy use), active transport, or pinocytosis using energy.

Question 19

If you have a a lipid soluble drug, does that diffuse more or less readily across a membrane?

Answer 19

More– membranes are lipid, so lipid-soluble diffuse readily

Question 20

Do smaller or larger molecules diffuse more easily across a GI tract membrane

Answer 20

smaller diffuse easier

Question 21

Which type of diffusion requires a carrier molecule

Answer 21

Facilitated passive diffusion

Question 22

Which type of transport do vitamins, sugars, and amino acids use (similar to endogenous substances)

Answer 22

Active transport, can occur against a concentration gradient and requires energy.

Question 23

If you are transporting a drug using vesicles, what type of transport are you using

Answer 23

Pinocytosis, requires energy

Question 24

What is the extent and rate at which a drug enters systemic circulation called

Answer 24

bioavailability– only for oral drugs, IV drugs have 100% bioavailability.

Question 25

Which type of route of administration is Bioavailability relavent for

Answer 25

Oral-- IV has 100%

Question 26

What factors affect bioavailability

Answer 26

Anything affecting absoprtion, hepatic 1st pass metabolism(drugs from GI tract go to liver), enterohepatic circulation( drugs taken up by liver are excreted in bile and then into intestine, released, and taken up again)

Question 27

Which concept is the reason behind why there can be multiple peaks in the drug's plasma concentration

Answer 27

Enterohepatic circulation-- the drug can be absorbed by the GI tract and taken up by liver, and then excreted in bile, and then reabsorbed in the intestine to restart the cycle.

Question 28

What is the extent to which a drug is transported from systemic circulation to target tissues and organs called

Answer 28

distribution

Question 29

What general factors affect a drug's distribution?

Answer 29

Tissue permiability depends on a drug's size and pKa, or if they are hydrophillic or hydrophobic Tissue barriers (BBB, placental barrier, Blood-testis barrier) Cardiac output Body composition (adopose affects volume) Age (body water higher in infants, immature NS causes more distribution into the brain) Sex ( Women have less total body water and more fat) Pregnancy Diet (high fat diets compete with drugs to bind to albumin) Drug interactions (2 drugs compete for same binding site)

Question 30

The body chemically changing drugs into different molecules to make them pharmacologically active or to eliminate them is what concept

Answer 30

Biotransformation

Question 31

Metabolism is a type of what

Answer 31

biotransformation

Question 32

Where does biotransformation typically occur

Answer 32

in the liver

Question 33

If your hepatic enzymes are decreased, which pharmokinetic action will your body have difficulty completing

Answer 33

biotransformation(directly) also probably bioavailability though because of hepatic circulation

Question 34

Describe phase 1, 2, and 3 biotransformation reactions

Answer 34

1. drug-->polar metabolite so its water soluble 2. conjugate metabolite 3. Process drug using transport proteins

Question 35

If p450 enzyme is inhibited or induced, which phase reaction is changed in biotransformation?

Answer 35

phase 1 (uses cytochrome P450 in liver)

Question 36

Which factors impact drug metabolism

Answer 36

CYP450 differences/inhibition/induction/competative inhibition with drugs using the same pathway

Question 37

1st order kinetics vs 0 order kinetics rate of metabolism

Answer 37

0- metabolism occurs at maximal rate, does not change in porportion to drug concentration 1- metabolism rate increases with drug concentration

Question 38

What are macromolecules involved in chemical signaling between and within cells called

Answer 38

receptors

Question 39

Where are receptors located

Answer 39

Cell surface (g protein, ion channels) or Intracellular (steroid receptors, vitamin A)

Question 40

A drug's ability to affect a receptor is related to what 2 properties

Answer 40

1. Affinity ( attraction to the receptor) 2. Efficacy ( degree to which a response is made)

Question 41

What is drug effect modulated by

Answer 41

the presence of antagonists and the affinity to the molecule receptor

Question 42

Primary organs for metabolic elimination vs excretory elimination of drugs

Answer 42

metabolic- liver kidney- excretory

Question 43

What was the overall difficulty with L- Dopa?

Answer 43

Caused GI side effects as increased the dose, as it is converted to dopamine in other parts of the body (The GI tract) too

Question 44

What was the drug that addressed the issue with levodopa?

Answer 44

Carbidopa-- inhibits levodopa to dopamine, decreasing rates of nausa, and doesn't cross BBB so the brain still converts levodopa to dopamine

Question 45

Which enantiomer is the active form of DOPA

Answer 45

L Dopa

Question 46

Where did SINEMET come from

Answer 46

Sine- without EMET- vomitting (no vomiting with levodopa and carbodopa together)

Question 47

Why is Lasix named Lasix

Answer 47

(LA)sts SIX hours (lasts 6 hours)

Question 48

What is Warfarin named after

Answer 48

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation

Question 49

What is Nystatin named after

Answer 49

NY state health department

Question 50

Protonix and Prevacid

Answer 50

Protonix (nixes proteins) Prevacid (Prevents acid)