Week 10 - Larynx, Nasal Cavity & Paranasal Sinuses

Question 1

What is the function of the larynx ?

Answer 1

Allows passage of air in and out of the trachea.
Has protective sphincter preventing foreign bodies entering airway.
Organ of phonation i.e. speech production.

Question 2

At what vertebral level is the larynx located ?

Answer 2

C3-C6.

Question 3

What is the boundaries of the larynx ?

Answer 3

From epiglottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage.

Question 4

What type of cartilage is associated with the larynx ?

Answer 4

Hyaline cartilage, with exception of epiglottis which is elastic.

Question 5

What is the only complete ring of the laryngeal cartilages ?

Answer 5

Cricoid cartilage.

Question 6

What are the four key cartilages associated with the larynx ?

Answer 6

Thyroid cartilage.
Cricoid cartilage.
Epiglottis.
Arytenoid cartilage.

Question 7

What ligament runs between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage ? Associated with emergency airway procedure.

Answer 7

Median cricothyroid ligament.

Question 8

What is the term for the anterior apertures of the nose ?

Answer 8

Nares

Question 9

What is the term for posterior apertures of the nose ?

Answer 9

Choanae

Question 10

How are the right and left nasal cavities separated ?

Answer 10

By nasal septum.

Question 11

What structures in the nose are responsible for sense of smell ?

Answer 11

Olfactory receptors.

Question 12

What are the two bones with contribute to the external nose ?

Answer 12

Nasal bones and frontal processes of the maxilla.

Question 13

What are the three cartilages present in the nose ?

Answer 13

Septal cartilage. Major and minor alar cartilages.

Question 14

What three muscles over lie the nose ?

Answer 14

Nasalis
Depressor septi nasi
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi.

Question 15

Looking at the skull from norma frontalis, what is the name for the pear shaped aperture in the skull when looking at the nose without cartilage ?

Answer 15

Piriform aperture.

Question 16

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity ?

Answer 16

Hard palate, so palatine process of maxillae and the horizontal plate of palatine bones.

Question 17

What is the term for the anterior opening of the nasal cavities ?

Answer 17

Nares

Question 18

What forms the connection between the nasal and oral cavities ?

Answer 18

Nasopalatine (or incisive) canal

Question 19

What is the contents of the nasopalatine (or incisive) canal ?

Answer 19

Nasopalatine nerve and artery.

Question 20

Where is the nasal crest located ?

Answer 20

Ridge formed at connection of paired maxillae and palatine bones.

Question 21

What bony prominence provides attachment for vomer ?

Answer 21

Nasal crest.

Question 22

What is septal deviation ?

Answer 22

Displacement of septum away from the midline.

Question 23

What are the two causes for septal deviation ?

Answer 23

Trauma or birth defect.

Question 24

What is the highest point of the nasal cavity ?

Answer 24

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

Question 25

The holes in the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone allow passage for what nerves ?

Answer 25

Olfactory nerves from olfactory bulb on base of the brain.

Question 26

What are the three nasal conchae ?

Answer 26

Superior, middle and inferior conchae.

Question 27

What is the space which separates the nasal conchae ?

Answer 27

Corresponding conchae meatus.

Question 28

What two conchae are formed by the ethmoid labyrinth ?

Answer 28

Superior and middle nasal conchae.

Question 29

What conchae is a separate bone ?

Answer 29

Inferior nasal conchae.

Question 30

The space between the roof and nasal cavity and the superior conchae is called ...

Answer 30

Spheno-ethmoidal recess.

Question 31

What is the function of the nasal conchae ?

Answer 31

Moisturisation, purification and warming of the air.

Question 32

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses ?

Answer 32

Ethmoidal, maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal.

Question 33

What are paranasal sinuses ?

Answer 33

Hollow cavities in pneumatised bones.

Question 34

What is the only cartilage in the larynx to form full circle ?

Answer 34

Cricothyroid.

Question 35

What type of cartilage are the laryngeal cartilages made of ?

Answer 35

Hyaline (except epiglottis - elastic).

Question 36

What structure forms the boundary between the oropharynx and laryngopharynx ?

Answer 36

Epiglottis.

Question 37

What cartilage plays a role in phonation ?

Answer 37

Arytenoid - at cricoid-arytenoid joints where movement for vocal folds during voice production occurs.

Question 38

What are the three singular laryngeal cartilages ?

Answer 38

Epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid.

Question 39

What are the three paired laryngeal cartilages ?

Answer 39

Arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate.

Question 40

What joint results in change in length of vocal folds and plays role in phonation ?

Answer 40

Cricothyroid joint.

Question 41

What is the extrinsic ligament/membrane of the larynx ?

Answer 41

Thyrohyoid. Has median and two lateral thickenings i.e. ligaments.

Question 42

What are the two intrinsic ligaments/membranes of the larynx ?

Answer 42

Quadrangular membrane i.e. vestibular ligament/fold and aryepiglottic ligament/fold. Median cricothyroid membrane i.e. vocal ligament/fold.

Question 43

The superior free margin of the quadrangular membrane forms the ... ligament/fold ?

Answer 43

Aryepiglottic ligament and fold.

Question 44

The inferior free margin of the quadrangular membrane forms the ... ligament/fold ?

Answer 44

Vestibular ligament and fold.

Question 45

The superior free margin of the cricothyroid membrane forms the ... ligament/fold ?

Answer 45

Vocal ligament and fold.

Question 46

The rima epiglotidis is ?

Answer 46

Space between vestibular and vocal folds.

Question 47

What fold forms the laryngeal inlet - sphincter of the larynx ?

Answer 47

Aryepiglottic fold.

Question 48

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx ?

Answer 48

Supra and infrahyoid muscles. Stylopharyngeus.

Question 49

What is the intrinsic muscle of the larynx responsible for opening the rima glottidis ?

Answer 49

Posterior cricoarytenoid.

Question 50

What are the 2 intrinsic muscles of the larynx responsible for closure of the rima glottidis ?

Answer 50

Transverse arytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid.

Question 51

What is the group of intrinsic muscles of the larynx responsible for lengthening the vocal folds i.e. creating higher pitch ?

Answer 51

Cricothyroid (tensor) muscles.

Question 52

What is the group of intrinsic muscles of the larynx responsible for shortening the vocal folds i.e. creating lower pitch ?

Answer 52

Thyroarytenoid (relaxer) muscles.

Question 53

What is the 2 muscles of the larynx responsible for closure of the laryngeal inlet ?

Answer 53

Oblique arytenoid and extrinsic muscles.

Question 54

What is responsible for the opening of the laryngeal inlet ?

Answer 54

Elastic recoil with descent of larynx.

Question 55

What motor nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx ?

Answer 55

Recurrent laryngeal of CNX (except cricothyroid - superior laryngeal of CNX).

Question 56

What sensory nerve supplies the larynx above the vocal folds ?

Answer 56

Superior laryngeal nerve of CNX.

Question 57

What sensory nerve supplies the larynx below the vocal folds ?

Answer 57

Recurrent laryngeal nerve of CNX.