Week 2 - Anterior Triangle of the Neck

Question 1

Borders of the anterior triangle of the neck ?

Answer 1

Inferior border of mandible, anterior border of sternocleidomastoid, midline of the neck.

Question 2

Subdivisions of the anterior triangle ?

Answer 2

Submandibular, submental, carotid and muscular triangles.

Question 3

Function of suprahyoid muscles ?

Answer 3

Elevate hyoid muscle and larynx.

Question 4

Name suprahyoid muscles ?

Answer 4

Mylohyoid, digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid.

Question 5

Name infrahyoid muscles ?

Answer 5

Sternohyoid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid.

Question 6

Innervation of mylohyoid ?

Answer 6

Inferior alveolar branch of CNV3.

Question 7

Action of mylohyoid ?

Answer 7

Elevates hyoid and floor of mouth.
Reinforces floor of oral cavity.

Question 8

Innervation of digastric ?

Answer 8

Anterior belly - inferior alveolar branch of CNV3.
Posterior belly - digastric branch of CNVII (facial nerve).

Question 9

Actions of digastric ?

Answer 9

Anterior belly - raise hyoid bone and open mouth by lowering mandible.
Posterior belly - elevate and retracts hyoid.

Question 10

Innervation of stylohyoid ?

Answer 10

CNVII (facial nerve).

Question 11

Action of stylohyoid ?

Answer 11

Pull hyoid bone upwards (posterosuperior direction).

Question 12

Innervation of geniohyoid ?

Answer 12

Anterior ramus of C1 (hitchhikes with hypoglossal CNXII).

Question 13

Action of geniohyoid ?

Answer 13

Elevates and pulls hyoid forward when mandible is fixed.
Pulls mandible downwards and inwards if hyoid is fixed.

Question 14

What are the two superficial infrahyoid muscles ?

Answer 14

Sternohyoid and omohyoid.

Question 15

What are the two deep infrahyoid muscles ?

Answer 15

Thyrohyoid and sternothyroid.

Question 16

Innervation of sternohyoid ?

Answer 16

Anterior rami of C1 to C3 (via ansa cervicalis).

Question 17

Action of sternohyoid ?

Answer 17

Depress hyoid after elevation in swallowing.

Question 18

Innervation of omohyoid ?

Answer 18

Anterior rami of C1 to C3 (via ansa cervicalis).

Question 19

Action of omohyoid ?

Answer 19

Depress and fixes hyoid.

Question 20

Innervation of thyrohyoid ?

Answer 20

Anterior rami of C1 (hitchhikes with hypoglossal CNXII).

Question 21

Action of thyrohyoid ?

Answer 21

Depress hyoid and raise larynx.

Question 22

Innervation of sternothyroid ?

Answer 22

Anterior rami of C1 to C3 (via ansa cervicalis).

Question 23

Action of sternothyroid ?

Answer 23

Draws larynx downwards.

Question 24

Where is the thyroid gland found ?

Answer 24

Visceral compartment of neck (with trachea and oesophagus).
Extends from thyroid cartilage superiorly to 5th tracheal ring.

Question 25

What is the arterial supply of thyroid gland and what are they a branch of ?

Answer 25

Superior thyroid artery - first branch of external carotid. Inferior thyroid artery - branch of subclavian.

Question 26

What is the venous drainage of thyroid gland and where do they drain into ?

Answer 26

Thyroid venous plexus. Superior thyroid vein - to internal jugular vein. Middle thyroid vein - to internal jugular vein. Inferior thyroid vein - to brachiocephalic vein.

Question 27

What is the blood supply to parathyroid gland ?

Answer 27

Inferior thyroid arteries.

Question 28

What is the venous drainage of parathyroid gland ?

Answer 28

Thyroid venous plexus.

Question 29

Sympathetic innervation of parathyroid and thyroid gland ?

Answer 29

Thyroid branches of cervical ganglia.

Question 30

How is the parathyroid and thyroid gland regulated ?

Answer 30

Pituitary gland.

Question 31

What is contained in the carotid sheath ? And how are they positioned in relation to one another ?

Answer 31

Common carotid artery (medial). Internal jugular vein (lateral). Vagus nerve (CNX) (posterior).

Question 32

Where does the carotid sheath run from and to where ?

Answer 32

Skull base to aortic arch.

Question 33

What nervous structure lies on the anterolateral surface of the carotid sheath ?

Answer 33

Ansa cervicalis.

Question 34

Where does the right common carotid artery branch off of ?

Answer 34

Brachiocephalic trunk.

Question 35

Where does the left common carotid artery branch off of ?

Answer 35

Directly from aortic arch.

Question 36

At what level does the common carotid artery branch and become the external and internal carotid artery ?

Answer 36

Around C3-C4 level.

Question 37

Once CCA divides into ECA and ICA, what branch continues within the carotid sheath ?

Answer 37

Internal carotid artery.

Question 38

What does the internal carotid artery supply ?

Answer 38

Brain. ICA has no branches.

Question 39

What does the external carotid artery supply ?

Answer 39

Face and scalp.

Question 40

What mnemonic can be used to remember branches of external carotid artery ?

Answer 40

Some anatomists like freaking out, poor medical students.

Question 41

Name the branches of the external carotid artery.

Answer 41

Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal

Question 42

What is a branch of the superficial temporal artery ?

Answer 42

Transverse facial.

Question 43

What mneumonic can be used to remember the branches of the internal jugular vein ?

Answer 43

Medical schools only let fun people in.

Question 44

What are the branches of the internal jugular vein ?

Answer 44

Middle thyroid. Superior thyroid. Occipital. Lingual. Facial. Pharyngeal. Inferior petrosal sinus.

Question 45

What is the function of the internal jugular vein ?

Answer 45

Drains blood from brain, skull and neck.

Question 46

What mnemonic can be used to remember the branches of the external jugular vein ?

Answer 46

PAST

Question 47

What are the branches of the external jugular vein ?

Answer 47

Posterior external jugular. Anterior jugular. Suprascapular. Transverse cervical.

Question 48

What is the carotid sinus ?

Answer 48

Enlargement/dilation at bifurcation of commons carotid artery.

Question 49

What is the function of the carotid sinus ?

Answer 49

Contains baroreceptors and pressoreceptors - important in monitoring blood pressure and maintaining with homeostatic values (baroreceptors are sensitive to stretch).

Question 50

What nerve innervates the carotid sinus ?

Answer 50

CNIX and CNX, by carotid sinus nerve. APs travels from baroreceptors through CNIX to cardio-regulatory and vasomotor cortex in medulla.

Question 51

What is the carotid body ?

Answer 51

Small organ on medial side of bifurcation of CCA near carotid sinus.

Question 52

What is the function of the carotid body ?

Answer 52

Contains chemoreceptors - monitor blood oxygen, CO2 and pH. Responds to emergency situations by increasing respiration, BP and cardiac rate.

Question 53

What nerve innervates the carotid body ?

Answer 53

CNIX via carotid sinus nerve and CNX - afferent fibres from carotid body travel to cardio-regulatory and vasomotor cortexes in medulla.

Question 54

Where is the anterior jugular vein situated ?

Answer 54

Midline at hyoid bone level.

Question 55

Where do anterior jugular veins from right and left communicate ?

Answer 55

Jugular venous arch.

Question 56

Where is the external jugular vein located ?

Answer 56

Outside carotid sheath. Begins at mandible, joins retromandibular and posterior auricular, then crosses SCM and drains into subclavian.

Question 57

What two veins drain into the retromandibular vein ?

Answer 57

Superficial temporal and maxillary veins.

Question 58

What 3 structures cross the SCM ?

Answer 58

Transverse cervical nerve, external jugular vein and great auricular nerve.

Question 59

What is the transverse cervical nerve a branch of ?

Answer 59

Anterior rami of C2-C3.

Question 60

What is the function of the transverse cervical nerve ?

Answer 60

Cutaneous innervation of SCM and anterior triangle.

Question 61

What is ansa cervicalis a branch of ?

Answer 61

Anterior rami of C1-C3.

Question 62

What is the function of ansa cervicalis ?

Answer 62

Motor innervation of infra-hyoid muscles.

Question 63

At what vertebral level does the brachial plexus start ?

Answer 63

C5 to T1.

Question 64

What 5 cranial nerves are found in the neck ?

Answer 64

Facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal.

Question 65

What structures does the facial nerve supply in the neck ?

Answer 65

Platysma, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid.

Question 66

What structures does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply in the neck ?

Answer 66

Pharyngeal muscles and carotid sinus.

Question 67

What 3 cranial nerves exit via the jugular foramen ?

Answer 67

Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory.