Week 10 Lecture

Question 1

What is identity?

Answer 1

A comprehensive and coherent sense of self

Question 2

When does identity start?

Answer 2

In infancy

Question 3

What happens with identity through childhood, adolescence and adulthood?

Answer 3

Continues throughout childhood and becomes a focus in adolescence. Continues to grow and change well into adulthood.

Question 4

By the second year of life, securely attached infants develop a sense of ____ and ___ according to Erik Erikson.

Answer 4

1. Trust

2. Confidence

Question 5

What abilities does increased trust and confidence in infancy increase?

Answer 5

Ability to explore the world physically, think and communicate.

Question 6

In toddlerhood, what develops according to Erik Erikson?

Answer 6

autonomy.

Question 7

Autonomy in toddlerhood coincides with the ability to do what according to Erik Erikson?

Answer 7

be independent and self-directed

balance own vs. parent’ demands for control

Question 8

Healthy autonomy is established when toddlers encounter a reasonable balance between (according to Erik Erikson) (2):

Answer 8

1. the freedom to explore

2. control

Question 9

During the time that toddlers are developing autonomy, they are also developing a sense of____

Answer 9

self

Question 10

When is the sense of self that infants develop in toddlerhood evident?

Answer 10

in everyday interactions

Question 11

Development of self in toddlerhood appears to emerge in stages. What are these? (3)

Answer 11

1. self recognition and self awareness
2. self description and self evaluation
3. knowledge of standards and emotional response to wrongdoing

Question 12

What is one way to determine if toddlers have a sense of self recognition/awareness?

Answer 12

Put a bit of makeup on cheek. If mirror touched, not developed. If own cheek touched, sense of self has developed.

Question 13

With self-identity, what do children start to develop in middle childhood, and what impact will this have later on?

Answer 13

1. deeper understanding of the kind of person they are

2. foundation for later development of self-knowledge

Question 14

At what age are children better able to integrate different traits and ideas about themselves?

Answer 14

by 10-12 years.

Question 15

According to Erikson, what is the task of middle childhood?

Answer 15

industry, or competence

Question 16

What is achievement motivation, which happens in middle childhood?

Answer 16

show initiative and persistance in attaining goals and increasing competence

Question 17

What is learning orientation?

Answer 17

motivation that comes from within the learner and relates directly to the task

Question 18

What is performance orientation”

Answer 18

motivation that comes from significant others

Question 19

What is achievement motivation to increase competence achieved via?

Answer 19

-Learning orientation
and then eventually
-Performance orientation

Question 20

What kind of changes allow adolescents think about the “big” questions?

Answer 20

Cognitive and physical changes.

Question 21

Process of identity formation is ‘forced’ on adolescents by what?

Answer 21

increased cognitive capacity and societal pressure.

Question 22

Adolescence can be characterised by risk taking: exploratory behaviour that may be either:

Answer 22

positive or negative.

Question 23

Process of identity formation is ‘forced’ on adolescents by what?

Answer 23

increased cognitive capacity and societal pressure.

Question 24

Erikson’s psychosocial “crisis” of adolescence is associated with that stage?

Answer 24

identity vs. role confusion

Involves development of coherent sense of self through examination of various beliefs.

Question 25

Secure attachment to parents makes you more likely to make you do what in terms of adolescent identity development?

Answer 25

engage in both exploration and commitment

Question 26

Greater parental encouragement and support is associated with what in terms of identity development?

Answer 26

Associated withw moratorium status, BUT may be more susceptible to foreclosure (not really thinking about the decision for yourself)

Question 27

What role can a supportive peer network have on foreclosure status?

Answer 27

It can inhibit is

Question 28

Persistent peer conflicts can have what influence on identity formation?

Answer 28

negatively affect

Question 29

What are the teachers influence on adolescent identity development?

Answer 29

emphasise awareness and critical thinking encourages adolescent identity development

Question 30

Teacher support for autonomy is positively correlated with what in relation to adolescent identity development?

Answer 30

correlated with vocational exploration and commitment

Question 31

Some studies show a gender difference in progress toward identity achievement. How is this true for adolescents?

Answer 31

- males tend to form a firm identity before entering into intimate relationships - female identity more tied up with relationship than is male identity

Question 32

The two tasks of early adulthood (according to Erikson) are to develop the ability to:

Answer 32

1. establish close, committed relationships | 2. tolerate threat of fusion and loss of individual identity that comes with intense intimacy

Question 33

What are the two tasks of middle adulthood according to Erikson?

Answer 33

1. expand ego interests 2, establish and nurture next generation can be a time of significant change

Question 34

In middle adulthood according to Erikson, what does this stage often result in?

Answer 34

Reassessment of priorities

Question 35

With Erikson's identity in late adulthood, what is the task of these older adults?

Answer 35

to find integrity in the face of loss

Question 36

What is the activity theory?

Answer 36

Older people who maintain activity levels age more successfully

Question 37

What is the disengagement theory?

Answer 37

reduced social involvement is a natural and mutual process between older adults and society

Question 38

Marcia maintained that two distinct parts form an adolescent's identity:

Answer 38

1. crisis: a time of upheaval when one's values and choices are being explored and re-evaluated 2. commitment: when the crisis is resolved, and one decides to invest in a course of action, role, or value

Question 39

What is gender role development?

Answer 39

learning to behave in ways that are consistent with group norms for males/females

Question 40

How did the lecturer define sex vs. gender?

Answer 40

1. a physiological fact | 2. a socio-psychological construct

Question 41

What are gender roles:

Answer 41

defined by the range of behaviours expected of a particular gender group

Question 42

What are gender stereotypes?

Answer 42

generalised mental representation that differentiates one gender group from the other

Question 43

Even in today's society, males and females are treated differently from:

Answer 43

birth

Question 44

social expectations and behaviour can be governed by this socio-psychological construct:

Answer 44

gender

Question 45

What year of life are gender based toy and activity preferences established?

Answer 45

during the first year of life

Question 46

What are the differences in social behaviour seen in boys and girls by the age of 2 years?

Answer 46

girls: greater compliance and less independence than boys boys: actively explore their environment to a greater extent than girls

Question 47

One solution to bias in reporting and investigation of gender differences is by doing.a: Has this found any strong or consistent personality differences between genders?

Answer 47

1. meta analysis | 2. No. For example in aggression (men more physically aggressive, women more verbally aggressive)

Question 48

What do meta analyses' tell us about nurturing behaviour in gender differences? (3)

Answer 48

1. That there are no consistent gender differences. 2. Situational factors are probably more important. 3. Where differences are found, causation is unclear.

Question 49

Are the differences within or between groups in gender differences greater?

Answer 49

WITHIN

Question 50

What is the sociobiological view of gender roles?

Answer 50

Believes that gender roles were created in response to the prehistoric male-female role difference

Question 51

Mother's who were given androgens during pregnancy, their daughters exhibit:

Answer 51

- greater preferences for male companions | - more masculine play patterns

Question 52

Mother's who were pregnant with sons and exposed in utero to high levels of female hormones often exhibit:

Answer 52

more typical female behaviours

Question 53

Boys with underdeveloped genitals/accidental castration, who doctors decided to bring them up as girls exhibit: What does this suggest?

Answer 53

- gender identity dissatisfaction at puberty - identify more with males than females Suggests that sex hormones influence gender types behaviour and gender identity.

Question 54

What do the social-emotional factors in gender roles depend on ?

Answer 54

culture

Question 55

In the social emotional models, gender roles and behaviours are seen to be learned through _____. This is done via:

Answer 55

1. reinforcement of gender appropriate behaviours. | 2. modelling and self regulation of behaviours

Question 56

What is the social learning theory (in gender role learning):

Answer 56

Parents reinforce children for gender appropriate behaviours and activities.

Question 57

Are Father's or Mothers more likely to reinforce gender sterotypes?

Answer 57

Father's in general.

Question 58

Are peers more likely to reinforce gender stereotypes or parents?

Answer 58

Peers.

Question 59

Modelling is an ___ element in social learning

Answer 59

element

Question 60

Modelling for gender roles may be provided by:

Answer 60

- adults - other children - wider societal models

Question 61

Is the overall influence of reinforcement of adults/media modest or great?

Answer 61

modest

Question 62

What is one weakness in social learning models for gender roles?

Answer 62

-can't account for the fact that gender role rigidity varies across developmental stages

Question 63

What kind of theories help address some of the weaknesses in social learning models?

Answer 63

cognitive theories

Question 64

What are cognitive theorists in relation to gender roles?

Answer 64

believe that children are active processors of gender based info. Can construct their gender roles themselves by monitoring environment

Question 65

What are the 3 stages of cognitive development in identity acquisition, according to Kohlberg's model.

Answer 65

1. gender labelling 2. gender stability (however, may be fooled by appearances) 3. gender constancy (realising that genders don't change even if clothing etc does)

Question 66

What are some aspects of the gender schematic processing theory, as developed by Martin and Halverson?

Answer 66

As soon as children have acquired their own gender identity, they begin to build a gender based schemas to tell them how to act.

Question 67

What are some problems with cognitive models of gender role development?

Answer 67

- minimise influence of social environment | - no clear link between gender based cognitions and behaviours

Question 68

Are boys or girls less likely to participate in gender crossed behaviours?

Answer 68

Boys.

Question 69

What is gender role transcendence?

Answer 69

Individuals are viewed as individuals, not masculine, feminine or androgynous. Probably not ever going to completely happen.

Question 70

What is androgyny?

Answer 70

allows males and females to behave in ways that freely integrate traditional gender type behaviour

Question 71

Evidence from Lamke shows that individuals who are less concerned about which activities are appropriate or inappropriate for their sex are what?

Answer 71

Better adjusted than those with more traditional views.