Week 2 Lecture

Question 1

What are genes?

Answer 1

Create the proteins and enzymes that build and regulate the body

Question 2

Where are genes located?

Answer 2

on chromosomes

Question 3

Every cell in the body contains what?

Answer 3

Chromosomes

Question 4

How many chromosomal pairs do humans have?

Answer 4

23 pairs
(22 autosomal encoding looks, skills etc)
(1 sex chromosome pair)

Question 5

What do genes strongly contribute to?

Answer 5

The emergence of a range of behaviours and abilities

Question 6

What is a genotype?

Answer 6

Actual genetic makeup

Question 7

What is a phenotype?

Answer 7

How these genes are expressed

Question 8

Are a variety of developmentally significant disorder caused by genes?

Answer 8

Yes -a range of physical and cognitive

Question 9

What is behavioural genetics?

Answer 9

Helps to see what percentage of genetics contributes to behaviour

Question 10

What are identical twins? (3)

Answer 10

1. Monozygotic.

2. 100% genetic overlap. 3. Possibly 100% environment overlap

Question 11

What are fraternal twins? (3)

Answer 11

1. Dizygotic (2 separate zygotes).
2. 50% genetic overlap.
3. Possibly 100% environmental overlap.

Question 12

What does ‘canalisation’ mean in behavioural genetics?

Answer 12

That behaviour follows a genetic “blueprint”.

Question 13

What is “niche picking” in behavioural genetics?

Answer 13

Seek environmental niche that suits genetics. Another reason why it’s hard to separate nature from nurture.

Question 14

What is ‘reaction range’ in behavioural genetics?

Answer 14

Genes “set the boundaries” of environmental effects

Question 15

What happens during conception stage?

Answer 15

1 of 360 million sperm cells successfully attaches to surface of the ovum - sperm and egg cells release chromosomes - join to form a new cell, or a zygote.

Question 16

What happens in the germinal stage? (0-2 weeks)

Answer 16

zygote divides and redivides - implants into uterine wall - fully implanted blastocyst = embryo

Question 17

What happens during the embryonic stage? (week 3-8) (2)

Answer 17

1. basic organs are formed

2. embryo begins to response to direct stimulation

Question 18

At week 3 after conception, what 3 parts does the embryonic disk divide into?

Answer 18

1. ectoderm (inside)
2. mesoderm (middle)
3. endoderm (outside)

Question 19

What week are people in in the embryonic stage?

Answer 19

weeks 3-8

Question 20

What happens at 38-40 weeks of birth process?

Answer 20

Uterine wall begins to contract

Question 21

At how many hours do contractions begin to come stronger during birth?

Answer 21

10-20 hours

Question 22

Where does the baby eventually emerge (being born)?

Answer 22

Birth canal

Question 23

What is immediately assessed after a baby is born?

Answer 23

Their physical condition

Question 24

What is the Apgar Scale?

Answer 24

Assesses babies after 1 and 5 minutes.

Question 25

What does an Apgar score of 7-10 indicate?

Answer 25

Good functioning

Question 26

What does an Apgar score of 4-6 indicate?

Answer 26

Fair condition. respiration may need t be established

Question 27

What does an Apgar score of 0-3 indicate?

Answer 27

Poor condition. resuscitation is required immediately. The survival of the infant is in doubt .

Question 28

What is a teratogen?

Answer 28

Substance/environmental influence that can damage embryo's development.

Question 29

What can a teratogen cause?

Answer 29

Serious malformation or even death.

Question 30

What does teratogen mean?

Answer 30

Little monster?

Question 31

What does sensitivity have to do with teratogens?

Answer 31

Certain organs are sensitive at difference times. If teratogens affect this organ when it's sensitive, this might damage the organ.

Question 32

Can certain teratogens have issues on tissue specific effects?

Answer 32

Yes - mercury affects an infants brain

Question 33

What effect can teratogens have on the mother?

Answer 33

Often she notices no adverse effect of teratogen

Question 34

What is the dose - response relationship regarding teratogens?

Answer 34

The greater the dose of the teratogen, the worse its effect.

Question 35

What part does individual differences play in teratogens?

Answer 35

Teratogenic effects differ according to foetus (also via Mother)

Question 36

Infection is a type of teratogen. Around 5% of women catch an infection while pregnant. What effect will this have one the baby?

Answer 36

Most experience no ill effects, but babies can either be fine or experience grave consequences for it.

Question 37

What are some serious teratogens which will be very bad for the baby?

Answer 37

- viruses - bacterial infections - parasites - also maternal disorders (e.g diabetes)

Question 38

What are medicinal drugs and how do they affect infants?

Answer 38

Drug molecules small enough to cross placental barrier can affect foetus. - aspirin - quinine - thalidomide

Question 39

What affect has aspirin been shown to have on foetuses?

Answer 39

low birth weight, lower IQ

Question 40

What effect has quinine been shown to have on IQ

Answer 40

blindess issues

Question 41

What effect can thalidomide have on foetuses?

Answer 41

Deformed/unformed limbs

Question 42

What effect do non medicinal drugs have on foetuses?

Answer 42

At risk for many health problems. For example, prematurity, low birthweight, addition themselves

Question 43

What are some facial characteristics seen on babies associated with foetal alcohol syndrome, potentially without even much alcohol at all being drunk?

Answer 43

Wide apart eyes a bit lower on the face, lack of sulcus between nose and mouth

Question 44

What can learning in the utero involve?

Answer 44

Foetus can habituate to repetitive sounds

Question 45

Does utero learning persist after birth?

Answer 45

Yes - seen in postnatal preferences. Sounds of stories, tastes of foods etc.

Question 46

How can we record information about prenatal learning?

Answer 46

Rate of sucking of dummy means they prefer it.