Week 10 Motivating Employees and Reward Systems

Question 1

The study of motivation helps managers understand:

Answer 1

• what prompts initiation
• what influence choice of action
• why persist in that action over time
  (each will motivated by diff factor)

Question 2

three major motivation theories are?

Answer 2

content - analysis of underlying human needs
process/cognitive - thought process that influence behaviour
reinforcement - learning of desired behaviour

Question 3

what are the two main theories in content theory?

Answer 3

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

Herzberg’s Two factor theory

Question 4

Maslow’s Heirachy of needs developed by and when?

Answer 4

Abraham Maslow

developed in 1954 and popularised 1960s

Question 5

Maslow’s heirachy of needs form five level which are

Answer 5

physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self actualisation

Question 6

MAslow - examples of physiological needs?

Answer 6

breathing, food, shelter, clothes

BASE SALARY

Question 7

MASLOW - example of safety/security?

Answer 7

health, employment, property, pension plan

Question 8

MASLOW - example of love/belonging?

Answer 8

friends at work, family, intimacy, connection

Question 9

MASLOW - example of self-esteem?

Answer 9

confidence, achievement, respect, uniqueness

JOB TITLE, PRAISE

Question 10

MASLOW - example of self- actualisation?

Answer 10

morality, creativity, acceptance

CHALLENGING JOB

Question 11

Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory - what are the two factors?

Answer 11

1. Hygiene (maintenance) factors - influence level of dissatisfaction
2. motivation factors - influence level of satisfaction

Question 12

Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory: what are motivating factors?

Answer 12

achievement, recognition, responsibility, personal growth

Question 13

Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory what are hygiene factors?

Answer 13

working condition, salary, security, company policies

Question 14

Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory Implications of theory?

Answer 14

 Provide hygiene factors to reduce worker dissatisfaction
 Include motivational factors to motivate and increase satisfaction
 First eliminate dissatisfaction and then focus on motivation

Question 15

what is the process perspective in theories of motivation?

Answer 15

focus on HOW people choose certain behavioural options to satisfy their needs and how they evaluate their satisfaction after attaining these goals.

Question 16

what are the major theories for process theories?

Answer 16

Expectancy

Equity

Question 17

Explain expectancy theory:

Answer 17

Motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about two things:
• How much we want something
• How likely we think we are to get it.

Question 18

what are the 3 elements of expectancy theory? (all need to high for employee to be motivated)

Answer 18

EFFORT ->
(will greater effort lead to higher performance - depend on ability, experience, tools)
PERFORMANCE ->
(will successful performance lead to outcome)
OUTCOME

VALENCE - do i value the outcome -strength of individual’s preference for particular outcome

Question 19

What is equity theory by Stacey adams?

Answer 19

• Equity is an individual’s belief that the treatment he or she is receiving is fair relative to the treatment received by others
• Focuses on individual’s perceptions of how fairly they are treated

Question 20

Equity theory diagram steps

Answer 20

input -> job -> outcome

INPUT - what do i bring the job? eg eduction
OUTCOME - what do i get out of job? e.g,pay?

Question 21

equity theory - when is motivation effected?

Answer 21

when ppl claim they have been treated unfairly compared to others

-

Question 22

equity theory - what do people try to do?

Answer 22

try to eliminate the discomfort and restore a perceived sense of equity.

Question 23

equity theory - what are the possible responses to perceived inequity?

Answer 23

 Changing inputs - e.g. put in less effort,
 Changing outcomes – e.g. request pay rise
 Distorting perceptions - increase perceived status attached to job
 Leave the job

Question 24

reinforcement theory?

Answer 24

focuses on the impact of the external environmental consequences of behaviour.

Reinforcement causes behaviour to be either repeated or inhibited

Question 25

Reinforcement theory - what is law of effect?

Answer 25

Behaviour that results in pleasant outcome is likely to be repeated
Behaviour that results in unpleasant outcomes is not likely to be repeated

Question 26

Reinforcement theory - what are the 4 types of reinforcement?

Answer 26

Behaviour strengthened:

• positive reinforcement
• negative/avoidance reinforcement (avoid negative consequence)

Behaviour weakened:

• extinction (no positive consequence)
• punishment (negative consequence)

Question 27

Reinforcement Theory – Schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 27

Continuous reinforcement
- Each time a desired (undesired) behaviour occurs, a type of reinforcement is applied

Partial reinforcement
- a type of reinforcement applied periodically if desired (undesired) behaviour continue
fixed or variable interval
fixed or variable ratio

Question 28

Content motivation theory?

Answer 28

Managers can design work to meet needs & thus elicit appropriate & successful work behaviour.

Question 29

Process motivation theory?

Answer 29

Managers can clarify needs, define outcomes available from organisation & ensure each individual has ability & support to attain outcomes

Question 30

Reinforcement motivation theory?

Answer 30

Managers attempt to encourage desirable behaviour and inhibit undesirable behaviour by the use of reinforcers.

Question 31

what are the 2 types of rewards and what is reward?

Answer 31

Reward: An outcome of positive value to an individual

Intrinsic
Extrinsic

Question 32

what is intrinsic reward?

Answer 32

• Positive emotional experience resulting directly and naturally from your behaviour or achieved results
• Outcome that gives an individual internal (personal) satisfaction such as that derived from a job well done.
• Feelings of competency, personal development, self- control…

Question 33

What is extrinsic reward?

Answer 33

• Anything received from another person that the recipient values and is contingent on his or her behaviour or results
• Are externally administered and are valued outcomes given to staff by a supervisor or higher level manager.
• Examples include pay bonuses, promotions, time-off, special assignments, office fixtures, awards and praise…

Question 34

Issues with focusing solely on extrinsic rewards?

Answer 34

1. Extrinsic rewards diminish intrinsic rewards
2. Extrinsic rewards are temporary
3. Extrinsic rewards assume people are driven by lower- level needs (vs self-enhancement)

Question 35

Effective reward systems 4 criteria?

Answer 35

1. Must meet the needs of the individual for basic necessities.
2. The rewards should compare favourably to those offered by other organisations.
3. The distribution of rewards within the organisation must be equitable.
4. The system must recognise that individuals have different needs and choose different paths to satisfy those needs.