Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HB2 Final > Week 10-Repro > Flashcards

Week 10-Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Gluteus maximus:
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • action: keeps knee fully extended, hip extension, lateral rotation of the hip, abduction of the hip
  • innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gluteus medius:
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • action: hip extension, lateral rotation of the hip, abduction of the hip*, prevents hip drop
  • innervation: superior gluteal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gluteus minimus:
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • action: hip flexion, medial rotation of the hip, abduction of the hip, prevents hip drop
  • innervation: superior gluteal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tensor fascia latae:
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • action: keeps knee fully extended, hip flexion, medial rotation of the hip, abduction of the hip
  • innervation: superior gluteal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is IT band syndrome?

A

IT band runs over the lateral condyle of the femur causing pain, often seen in runners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the lateral rotators of the hip, from superior to inferior?

A
  1. piriformis
  2. gemellus superior
  3. obturator internus
  4. gemellus inferior
  5. quadratus femoris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve run in relation to the lateral rotators of the hip?

A

between the piriformis and gemellus superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is piriformis syndrome?

A

tightening of the piriformis can compress the sciatic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What muscle runs between the superior and inferior gluteal nerves?

A

the piriformis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the boundaries of the perineum?

A

pubic symphysis, coccyx, and ischial tuberosities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What triangles form the peirneum?

A

the anal (posterior) and urogenital (anterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the boundaries of the anal triangle?

What is contained within it?

A
  • the ischial tuberosities and the coccyx

- anal canal and anal sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is the pectinate line important?

A

-it separates visceral from parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q 
Above the pectinate line:
Vein drainage?
Type of nerves?
Hemorrhoid classification? Painful?
Embryological origin?
A
  • to the portal system
  • visceral
  • internal, not painful
  • endoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
Below the pectinate line:
Vein drainage?
Type of nerves?
Hemorrhoid classification? Painful?
Embryological origin?
A
  • systemically
  • somatic
  • external, painful
  • ectoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

External anal sphincter:
Type of muscle?
Innervation?

A
  • skeletal muscle

- somatic pudendal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Internal anal sphincter:
Type of muscle?
Innervation?

A
  • smooth muscle

- visceral involuntary nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa?

What does it contain?

A
  • lateral wall: obturator fascia and pudendal canal
  • roof: pelvic diaphragm
  • medial wall: external anal sphincter
  • floor: skin
  • fat and inferior rectal nerve, artery, and vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Superficial uritogenital pouch:
Boundaries?
Contents in males?
Contents in females?

A
  • superficial perineal fascia (Colle’s) and the perineal membrane
  • males: ischiocavernous muscles, bulbospongiosus muscle, superficial transverse perineal muscles, crura and bulb of penis
  • females: ischiocavernosus muscles, bulbospongiosus muscle, superficial transverse perineal muscles, crura of the clitoris, bulbs of vestibule, greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Deep uritogenital pouch:
Boundaries?
Contents in females?
In males?

A
  • pelvic diaphragm and perineal membrane
  • females: sphincter muscles, urethra, vagina
  • males: sphincter muscles, bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s), membranous part of urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is the perineal body important?

A

it is the anchoring point for many muscles, therefore important for maintaining perineal tone and support to the pelvic organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What things make up the root of the penis?

A

the crura and the bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What binds together the erectile bodies and vessels of the penis?

A

the deep penile fascia (Buck’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the fundiform ligament.

A

it is a remnant of Scarpa’s fascia that forms a sling around the penis to suspend it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the pudendal canal?

What runs through it?

A
  • a sleeve of obturator fascia

- the pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the major nerve of the perineum?

A

the pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do S2-3 leave the pelvis?

A

the greater sciatic foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the course of the pudendal nerve.

A
  1. passes out of the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the deep dorsal vein of the penis drain into?

A

the prostatic plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the deep dorsal vein of the clitoris drain into?

A

the vesical venous plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of the testis?

A
  • spermatogenesis (in seminiferous tubules)

- testosterone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of the epididymis and vas deferens?

A
  • sperm maturation and storage

- exit route for sperm from the testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A
  • supplies bulk of semen volume
  • supplies fructose to seminal plasma
  • secretes prostaglandins for sperm motility
  • supplies precursors for semen clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?

A

-links the vas deferens and seminal vesicles to the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

-secretes mucous for lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A
  • erection and ejaculation

- urinary conduit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the general structure of the testis?

A

it is divided into about 250 lobules by septae, with each lobule containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where do Sertoli cells live in relation to the seminiferous tubules?
Leydig cells?

A
  • Sertoli cells live inside the seminiferous tubules

- Leydig cells live outside the seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take to occur?

Each phase?

A
  • 74 days overall

- 50 days in the testis, 24 days in the epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In the sperm, what does the neck contain?
The principal/middle piece?
The tail?

A
  • neck: centrioles
  • principal/middle: mitochondria
  • tail: flagella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the functions of Sertoli cells?

A
  • support attachment of spermatogenetic cells
  • nutrition of sperm
  • secrete androgen binding peptide (ABP), inhibin, plasminogen activator, transferrin, and ceruloplasmin
  • phagocytosis of residual bodies
  • create tight Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions to form the blood-testis barrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do Sertoli cells look like?

What is a prominent feature?

A
  • tall columnar cells

- they have a prominent nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why is the blood-testis barrier important?

A

it shelters the foreign haploid sperm from the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the function of androgen binding peptide (ABP)?

What secretes it?

A
  • it allows for concentration of testosterone

- Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q 
Leydig Cells:
What is their general function?
What do they do during embryonic development?
During puberty?
During adulthood?
A
  • secrete steroids, mainly testosterone
  • embryo: testosterone helps develop the male gonads
  • puberty: testosterone initiates spermatogenesis, accessory sex gland secretion, secondary sex characteristics
  • adulthood: maintains spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the function of LH in males?

A

it tells Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the function of FSH in males?

A

it tells Sertoli cells to make ABP in order to concentrate testosterone at the site of spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

In reproductive years in males, do you have more LH or FSH produced?

A

more LH as compared to FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What converts androgens to estrogen?

Where is it found in males?

A
  • aromatase

- seminiferous tubules and fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What converts testosterone to DHT?

Where is it found?

A
  • 5a-reductase

- hair, external genetalia, and prostate gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What happens to sperm in the epididymis?

Why does the epididymis produce a glycoprotein?

A
  • sperm mature, get transported, get concentrated, and acquire motility
  • to inhibit capacitation (don’t want that to happen until inside female)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the epithelium of seminal vesicles?

A

columnar epithelium with secretory granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

prostatic acid phosphate (PAP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is BPH?
What problem can it cause?
How do you therapeutically target it?

A
  • benign prostatic hypertrophy, androgen-dependent growth of stromal and epithelial cells forms nodules
  • urinary obstruction
  • inhibition of DHT formation or smooth muscle relaxants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is DHT’s role in prostatic hyperplasia?

How/where is it made?

A
  • it is a potent growth factor

- made in stromal cells that cross-talk with the epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What type of erectile tissue surrounds the penile urethra?

A

the corpus spongiosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What epithelium do you find in the penile urethra?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What epithelium is the glans penis lined by?

A

squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the most important molecule for erection?
Where does it come from?
What is important for terminating an erection?

A
  • nitric oxide
  • nitric oxide synthase in parasympathetic nerves and endothelial cells
  • alpha adrenergics and PDE5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the hormones made by the ovaries responsible for?

A
  • prepare the endometrium for conception

- maintain pregnancy after fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the purpose of the stroma in the ovary?

A
  1. provides structural support for the developing ova
  2. with hormonal stimulation, the stroma around the ovum differentiates into hormone producing layers (theca externa and interna)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Outline the difference between primordial follicles, primary, secondary, and mature follicles?

A
  • primordial: oocyte in stroma
  • primary: oocyte surrounded by a flat layer of granulosa cells
  • secondary: oocyte enveloped by zona pellucida, granulosa cells, theca interna, and theca externa
  • mature: a cavity develops in the granulosa cell layer (antrum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum of menstruation?

A

in the absence of hCG, the corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans in 10-12 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How is the corpus luteum of pregnancy maintained?

A

the corpus luteum is sustained by paracrine hormones (estrogen and IGF-1) and endocrine hormone (placental hCG, LH, and prolactin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What happens to the myometrium during gestation?

To the endometrium?

A
  • myometrium: smooth muscle cells undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy
  • endometrium: exaggerated secretory changes followed by endometrial stromal cell transformation into decidual cells
66
Q

What is the epithelium of the vagina?

A

squamous epithelium

67
Q

What is the epithelium of the cervix?

A

the vaginal portion is lined by squamous, and the uterine portion is lined by columnar epithelium

68
Q

Detail the path of milk in the breast.

A
  1. ductules drain into
  2. terminal ducts, drains into
  3. interlobular ducts, drains into
  4. extralobular ducts, drains into
  5. large mammary (interlobar) ducts, drains into
  6. collecting ducts, drains into
  7. lactiferous sinuses, opens into
  8. the nipple
69
Q

When does a woman’s amount of germ cells peak?
How many does she have at birth?
At puberty?
At onset of menopause?

A
  • week 20-24 of gestation
  • 2 million
  • 400,000
  • zero (basically)
70
Q

How long can the 1st stage of follicular development last?

A

13 (1st menstruation) to 50 (menopause) years

71
Q

At what stage do follicles stay at (and can go no further than) in a pre-pubertal ovary?

A

the primary follicle

72
Q

What is one of the earliest events of puberty in young girls?

A

large nocturnal pulses of LH during REM sleep

73
Q

How does hormonal feedback work during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • GnRH tells the pituitary to make FSH/LH, tells the ovary to make estrogen
  • estrogen feeds back negatively on the pituitary
74
Q

How does hormonal feedback work during the midcycle phase of the menstrual cycel?

A
  • GnRH tells the pituitary to make FSH/LH, tells the ovary to make estrogen
  • estrogen feeds back positively on the pituitary
75
Q

How does hormonal feedback work during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • GnRH tells the pituitary to make FSH/LH, tells the ovary to make estrogen and progesterone
  • progesterone feeds back negatively on the pituitary
76
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the brain?

A
  • maintains body temperature
  • delays memory loss
  • regulates parts of the brain that prepare the body for sexual and reproductive development
77
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the heart and liver?

A

-regulates the liver’s production of cholesterol, thus decreasing the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries

78
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the ovary?

A
  • stimulates maturation of the ovaries

- stimulates start of a menstrual cycle

79
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the vagina?

A
  • stimulates maturation of the vagina

- helps to maintain a thick and lubricated vaginal lining

80
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on bone?

A
  • helps preserve bone density

- high levels close the growth plates at the epiphyses

81
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the uterus?

A
  • stimulates maturation of the uterus

- helps prepare the uterus to nourish a developing fetus

82
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the breasts?

A
  • stimulates the development of breasts at puberty

- prepares the glands for future milk production

83
Q

What are the key actions of estrogen?

A
  1. development of secondary sex characteristics at puberty
  2. proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells
  3. maintenance of vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes
  4. regulates tissue responsiveness to estrogen, progesterone, and LH
  5. negative and positive feedback on FSH/LH
  6. decreases threshold for uterine contraction
  7. stimulates prolactin secretion, but blocks its action at the breast
  8. decreases LDL cholesterol
  9. maintains bone density
84
Q

What are the key actions of progesterone?

A
  1. maintains endometrial secretion in the luteal phase
  2. negative feedback control of FSH/LH
  3. maintenance of pregnancy
  4. increases threshold for uterine contraction (decreased sensitivity)
85
Q

What happens to body temperature right after ovulation?

Why?

A
  • body temperature will rise up to 1 degree

- progesterone is thermogenic

86
Q

What effect does estrogen have on the cervical mucous?

A

it takes it from being tacky and thick to stretchy, thin, and watery that gives a ferning pattern on slides

87
Q

What hormone is secreted at very high levels in the 1st trimester and then drops off?

A

hCG

88
Q

What is hCS/HPL responsible for during pregnancy?

A

increases plasma glucose in the mother to ensure adequate nutrition of the fetus

89
Q

What effect does suckling have on the brain?

A
  1. oxytocin neurons: causes contraction of myoepithelial cells in breast causing milk ejection (immediate meal)
  2. prolactin neurons: dopamine suppressed and milk made and stored for later
  3. GnRH neurons: inhibits GnRH production to inhibit the menstrual cycle
90
Q

What do birth control pills do?

A
  • no LH surge from inhibition of gonadotropin release
  • inhibits follicular development
  • prevents ovulation
  • thickens cervical mucous
91
Q

In childhood prior to puberty, do you have more FSH or LH?

A

more FSH

92
Q

During the adult reproductive period in females, do you have more FSH or LH?

A

more LH

93
Q

During the post-menopausal senescence period, do you have more FSH or LH?

A

more FSH

94
Q

What are the symptoms associated with menopause?

What causes all of these symptoms?

A
  • thinning of vaginal epithelium
  • decreased vaginal secretions
  • decreased breast mass
  • accelerated bone loss
  • vascular instability (hot flashes)
  • emotional lability

-loss of the ovarian source of estrogen

95
Q

If all goes as planned, what happens 1 day after ovulation?
5 days?
8 days?
10 days?

A
  • 1 day: fertilization
  • 5 days: implantation
  • 8 days: trophoblast secreting hCG
  • 10 days: trophoblast “rescues” the corpus luteum
96
Q

Embryologically, where does the GU system primarily come from?

A

the intermediate mesoderm

97
Q

What divides the cloaca?

What does it get divided into?

A
  • the urorectal septum

- the rectum and the urogenital sinus (bladder and urethra)

98
Q

What is a urachal fistula?

A

communication between the bladder and the belly button

99
Q

What does the urogenital ridge differentiate into?

A

the genital and nephrogenic ridges

100
Q

What forms the paramesonephric duct?

What forms the mesonephric duct?

A
  • invagination of the peritoneum

- the mesoderm

101
Q

What is the default sex in mammals?
What determines whether you get testis or ovaries?
What encodes that protein?

A
  • female
  • presencce of TDF (testis determining factor) makes testis, no TDF makes ovaries
  • the SRY gene on the Y chromosome encodes the TDF protein
102
Q

What is the difference between the development of the primitive testis vs ovary?

A
  • testis: primary sex chords persist and get filled with spermatagonia to become the seminiferous tubules
  • ovary: surface epithleium migrates in to produce secondary sex chords (7th week), and later become follicles (4th month)
103
Q

What things bud off of the urethra in the male?

A

the prostate and the bulbourethral glands

104
Q

What system does the male retain that will become all of his sex organs?
The female?

A
  • male: the mesonephric system

- female: paramesonephric system

105
Q

What is the vagina formed from?

A
  • caudal part: paramesonephric duct

- distal part: urogenital sinus

106
Q

How do you get a double cervix?

A

when the uterovaginal canal fails to fuse

107
Q

When do the testes descend into the scrotum?

A

about week 32

108
Q

What does the gubernaculum become in females?

A

the round and ovarian ligaments

109
Q

What is Scarpa’s fascia called in the scrotum?

A

Dartos fascia

110
Q

What is the external spermatic fascia continuous with?

A

the external obilque aponeurosis

111
Q

What is the cremasteric fascia/muscle derived from?

A

the internal oblique

112
Q

What is the internal spermatic fascia derived from?

A

the transversalis fascia

113
Q 
What do the following things on the anterior abdominal wall correspond to in the testis/spermatic cord:
Skin?
Scarpa's fascia?
External oblique aponeruosis?
Internal oblique aponeurosis?
Transversalis abdominus muscle?
Transversalis fascia?
Parietal peritoneum?
A
  • skin: skin
  • Scarpa’s: Darto’s fascia
  • EO: external spermatic fascia
  • IO: cremaster muscle/fascia
  • TA: none (parts to allow testis through)
  • Transversalis fascia: internal spermatic fascia
  • Parietal peritoneum: tunica vaginalis
114
Q

What does testosterone do to the indifferent stage of external genetalia?

A

induces the urogenital folds and labioscrotal swellings to zip up along the midline

115
Q

What is the navicular fossa formed from?

A

invagination of the ectoderm

116
Q

What separates the greater from the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

the sacrospinous ligament

117
Q

What are the components of the pelvic diaphragm?

What runs through the middle?

A
  • levator ani and coccygeus

- urogenital hiatus

118
Q

What makes up the levator ani?

A
  • pubococcygeus
  • puborectalis
  • iliococcygeus
119
Q

What is the function of the puborectalis muscle?

A

it forms a sling around the anorectal junction to make the perineal flexure and is important for anal continence

120
Q

What makes up the points of the trigone of the bladder?

A
  • ureteral orifices

- internal urethral orifice

121
Q

What are the parts of the broad ligament of the uterus?

A
  • mesometruim
  • mesovarium
  • mesosalpinx
122
Q

When talking about the angles of the uterus, what does flexion refer to?
Version?
What position is the uterus usually in?

A
  • flexion: the angle between the uterine body and the cervix
  • version: the angle between the cervix and the vagina
  • anteflexion and anteversion
123
Q

What is the relationship of the uterine artery to the ureter?

A

the artery runs over top of the ureter

124
Q

What does the superior rectal vein drain into?
The middle?
The inferior?

A
  • superior: portal system (inferior mesenteric)
  • middle: the iliacs (systemic)
  • inferior: pudendal (systemic)
125
Q

What does the common iliac artery divide into?

A

the internal and external iliac

126
Q

What does the internal iliac artery divide into?

What does each of those branches feed?

A
  • anterior trunk: to the visceral organs (vagina, bladder, urethra, penis, etc)
  • posterior trunk: feeds the posterior body wall
127
Q

In males, what does the Wolffian duct differentiate into?
What is the stimulus for it to differentiate?
What is the Wolffian duct aka?

A
  • epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles
  • testosterone
  • the mesonephric duct
128
Q

Where is the earliest site of androgen production?

A

the adrenal glands

129
Q

In females, what does FSH do?

LH?

A
  • FSH: stimulates granulosa cell production of estrogen

- LH: enhances thecal cell production of androgens and granulosa cell production of progesterone

130
Q

What causes ovulation?

A

the LH surge

131
Q

What hormone does the placenta make?

Analog of?

A
  • hCG

- LH

132
Q

What is the job of thecal cells in females?

A

they provide the substrate that allows granulosa cells to make estrogen

133
Q

Describe the steps of menstruation.

A
  1. withdrawal of progesterone
  2. activation of matrix metalloproteinase
  3. enzyme digestion of tissue causes endometrial sloughing
  4. platelet plug forms causing vasoconstriction of vessels
  5. estrogen exposure cause re-epithelialization
134
Q

What does withdrawal of progestrone cause?

What molecule’s production does it trigger?

A
  • menstruation

- prostaglandins (cramps)

135
Q

Changes in what structures cause erection?

A

smooth muscle relaxes, closing the venous outflow by pressing on the tunica albuginea

136
Q

Describe the process of erection.

A
  1. nerve stimulation causes release of NO
  2. NO goes into smooth muscle of penis and stimulates production of cGMP
  3. cGMP causes relaxation of penile smooth muscles, increasing bloodflow in and decreasing bloodflow out (erect penis)
  4. PDE5 causes breakdown of cGMP, leading to contraction of smooth muscle (flaccid penis)
137
Q

Describe the process of ejaculation.

A
  1. contraction of smooth muscle in prostate, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens
  2. closure of bladder neck
  3. rhythmic contraction of periurethral skeletal muscle and external sphincter muscle
138
Q

What are the zones of the prostate?

What do they do?

A
  1. transitional zone: surrounds the urethra
  2. central zone: surrounds the ejaculatory ducts
  3. peripheral zone: surrounds central zone and forms posteriolateral part of prostate gland
  4. fibromuscular stroma: occupies anterior part of prostate
139
Q

In what zone do most hyperplasias of the prostate occur?

A

the transitional zone

140
Q

What are the branches of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery?

A
  • inferior gluteal
  • middle rectal
  • umbilical / superior vesicular
  • inferior vesicular
  • uterine
  • vaginal
  • obturator
  • internal pudendal
141
Q

What are the branches of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery?

A
  • superior gluteal
  • iliolumbar
  • lateral sacral artery
142
Q

What bony landmark do you use to perform a pudendal nerve block?

A

the ischial spine

143
Q

What does the Wolffian duct become in males?

In females?

A
  • males: epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles

- females: nothing

144
Q

What does the Mullerian duct become in males?

In females?

A
  • males: nothing

- females: fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina

145
Q

Why does the Wolffian duct regress in females?

A

no presence of testosterone

146
Q

Why does the Mullerian duct regress in males?

A

anti-Mullerian hormone

147
Q

What prompts formation of the penis and scrotum in males?
How is that hormone made?What prompts formation of the penis and scrotum in males?
How is that hormone made?

A
  • DHT

- from testosterone by 5a-reductase

148
Q

Where does the majority of vaginal lubrication come from?

A

vaginal transudate from the subepithelial vascular bed

149
Q

What are the terminal branches of the pudendal nerve?

A
  • perineal nerve

- dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris

150
Q

What is the negative feedback signal for spermatogenesis?

Where does it act on?

A
  • inhibin

- on the anterior pituitary

151
Q

What is the negative feedback signal for Leydig cells?

Where does it act on?

A
  • testosterone

- on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

152
Q

Name the parts of the fallopian tube.

A
  • uterine part
  • isthmus
  • ampulla
  • infundibulum
  • fimbrae
153
Q

In a vaginal examination, what structure would you pierce to reach the rectouterine pouch?

A

the posterior fornix

154
Q

Where does the vagus nerve end?

Where are the rest of the parasympathetic innervations gotten from?

A
  • around the splenic flexure of the colon

- from the pelvic splanchnics

155
Q

What things are made from the metanephric duct?

What is it aka?

A
  • ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calicies, and collecting tubules
  • aka the ureteric bud
156
Q

What things are made from the metaneprhic mesoderm?

A

the bulk of the kidney, the cortex, ect (NOT the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calicies, or the collecting tubules)

157
Q

Blockage by what can sometimes cause a pelvic kidney?

A

the umbilical or iliac artery

158
Q

Where do horseshoe kidneys get caught?

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

159
Q

What divides the cloaca?

What does it divide into?

A
  • the urorectal septum

- into the rectum and urogenital sinus

160
Q

What does the urachus become?

A

the median umiblical ligament

161
Q

What does the labioscrotal swelling become in females?

A

the labia majora

162
Q

What does the urogenital fold become in females?

A

the labia minora

HB2 Final (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions