Week 11 - Brain/CN Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
What is CN V?
A
trigeminal nerve
2
Q
What is CN V1?
What does the supraorbital branch innervate?
A
- ophthalmic
- skin of the nose and forehead
3
Q
What is CN V2?
What does the infraorbital branch innervate?
A
- maxillary
- skin of cheek and upper lip
4
Q
What is CN V3?
What does the mental branch innervate?
A
- mandibular
- skin of the chin and temple
5
Q
What are the branches of CN V that innervate the skin of the face?
A
V1, ophthalmic- supraorbital branch
V2, maxillary- infraorbital branch
V3, mandibular- mental branch
6
Q
What are the muscles of facial expression innervated by?
A
CN VII, the facial nerve
7
Q
What muscle makes up the majority of the scalp?
A
the occipitofrontalis, frontal and occipital bellies
8
Q
What are the branches of the facial nerve?
Are they sensory or motor?
A
- temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical (to zanzibar by motor car)
- motor
9
Q
What is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery?
What does it feed?
A
- the superficial temporal branch
- a lot of the scalp and upper face
10
Q
Where do the arteries that go to the face come from?
A
the external carotid, except for a contribution from the ophthalmic artery
11
Q
What does the infraorbital artery come from?
A
the maxillary artery
12
Q
What does the facial artery give rise to?
A
- superior and inferior labial arteries
- the angular artery
- the lateral nasal artery
13
Q
What does the ophthalmic artery come from?
A
the internal carotid artery
14
Q
What branches does the ophthalmic artery give to feed some of the face?
A
supraorbital and supratrochlear
15
Q
What is the facial vein a tributary of?
A
the internal jugular vein
16
Q
Where does the parotid duct travel?
A
it leaves out of the anterior parotid gland, dives in front of the masseter muscle and pierces the buccinator muscle to open opposite the 2nd molar
17
Q
Are these branches sensory, motor, or both?
V1?
V2?
V3?
A
V1- sensory
V2- sensory
V3- both
18
Q
What are the muscles of mastication?
What are they innervated by?
A
- temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid
- V3
19
Q
What are the major branches that come off the maxillary artery?
A
middle meningeal, inferior alveolar, and sphenopalatine
20
Q
What does the maxillary vein drain into?
A
the retromandibular vein and then into the internal jugular vein
21
Q
What is the pterygoid plexus?
What does it drain into?
A
- a mass of venous tissue that drains the orbit, oral cavity, jaw, and cranial cavity
- the maxillary vein
22
Q
What nerves does the chorda tympani connect?
Where does it travel through?
What does it do?
A
- the facial nerve to the lingual nerve
- the infratemporal fossa
- parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands, and taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
23
Q
Where does the lingual nerve come from?
A
it is a branch off the mandibular division of V3
24
Q
What vertebrae transmit the vertebral arteries?
A
C1-C6 (not usually C7)
25
Where do the sensory branches of the cervical plexus exit from?
What are these branches?
- Erb's point
| - lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular
26
What things are in the superficial fascia?
- platysma
- external jugular
- anterior jugular
- superficial (sensory) nerves from the cervical plexus
27
What are the layers of the deep fascia?
| What is contained within each layer?
1. investing layer- encases the SCM and trapezius
2. muscular layer of the pretrachial fascia- encases the infrahyoid muscles
3. visceral layer of the pretrachial fascia- wraps around the viscera (larynx, esophagus, thyroid, etc)
4. prevertebral fascia- encases the deep muscles of the neck
5. carotid sheath- encases the common carotid, CNX (vagus), and internal jugular vein
28
What innervates the SCM and trapezius muscles?
CN XI, the spinal accessory nerve
29
What are the suprahyoid muscles?
digastric (anterior and posterior bellies), stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid
30
What are the infrahyoid muscles?
thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid (superior and inferior bellies)
31
What innervates the infrahyoid muscles?
the ansa cervicalis, a motor nerve loop off the cervical plexus
32
What lives between the anterior and middle scalene?
the brachial plexus and subclavian artery
33
What structures does the vagus nerve run between?
the common carotid and the internal jugular
34
Where does the phrenic nerve live in relation to the scalene muscles?
anterior to the anterior scalene
35
At what vertebral level is the superior cervical ganglion?
about C2
36
At what vertebral level is the inferior cervical ganglion?
| What is special about it?
- C8 nerve
| - this fuses with the T1 ganglion to make the stellate ganglion
37
On top of what structure does the ansa cervicalis live?
the external jugular vein
38
Which carotid has branches in the neck?
the external carotid
39
What is the carotid body innervated by?
the vagus (CN X) and glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerves
40
What are the major branches of the external carotid?
- superior thyroid
- lingual
- facial
- maxillary
- superficial temporal
41
What are the major branches of the subclavian?
- vertebral
- internal thoracic
- thyrocervical trunk
42
What arteries supply the thyroid?
| Where does each come from?
1. superior thyroid- from the external carotid
| 2. inferior thyroid- from the subclavian via the thyrocervical trunk
43
What are the veins that drain the thyroid?
Where does each drain into?
Which is a midline structure?
1. superior thyroid- the internal jugular
2. middle thyroid- the internal jugular
3. inferior thyroid- left brachiocephalic (midline)
44
What are the superficial lymph nodes in the neck?
| What structure do they run along with?
- occipital, retroauricular, mastoid, parotid, and anterior/lateral cervical nodes
- the external jugular
45
Along what structure are the deep cervical lymph nodes traveling?
the internal jugular
46
What does the neurocranium contain?
| What does the viscerocranium contain?
- the brain, CNS, and meninges
| - most of the organs (eye, tongue, etc)
47
What are the layers of the scalp?
```
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis (or galea aponeurotica)
Loose CT
Pericranium
```
48
What innervates the scalp?
Anterior scalp- supraorbital, from V1
Lateral scalp- auriculotemporal, from V3
Posterior scalp- greater occipital, from C2 dorsal ramus
49
What does the falx cerebri do?
it divides the 2 hemispheres
50
What does the diaphragma sella do?
it is a dural reflection that covers the pituitary fossa
51
Between what things does the middle meningeal artery run?
| What does the middle meningeal come from?
- between the dura and the skull
| - the maxillary artery
52
Where does the cavernous sinus live?
on either side of the pituitary
53
What things meet at the confluence of the sinuses?
the superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinuses, and straight sinus
54
What connects the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain?
the circle of Willis
55
Where does the anterior circulation for the brain come off of?
The posterior?
- anterior: from the middle cerebral arteries
| - posterior: from the vertebral arteries
56
What makes CSF?
| What absorbs it?
- choroid plexus in the ventricles
| - arachnoid granulations
57
```
Ciliary Ganglion:
Where is it located?
Preganglionic route?
Postganglionic route?
Target organs?
```
location- orbit
preganglionic- CN III, inferior branch
postganglionic- short ciliary nerves CN V1
target- ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillae of the iris
58
```
Pterygopalatine Ganglion:
Where is it located?
Preganglionic route?
Postganglionic route?
Target organs?
```
location- pterygopalatine fossa
preganglionic- CN VII, greater petrosal nerve
target - lacrimal gland
59
```
Submandibular Ganglion:
Where is it located?
Preganglionic route?
Postganglionic route?
Target organs?
```
location- oral cavity
preganglionic- CN VII, chorda tympani
postganglionic- lingual nerve, CN V3
target- sublingual and submandibular glands
60
```
Otic Ganglion:
Where is it located?
Preganglionic route?
Postganglionic route?
Target organs?
```
- location: infratemporal fossa
- preganglionic: CN IX, tympanic nerve to lesser petrosal nerve
- postganglionic: auriculotemporal nerve, CN V3
- target: parotid, buccal, and lingual glands
61
CN I aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- olfactory
- nasal cavity
- sensory
62
CN II aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- optic
- eye
- sensory
63
CN III aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- oculomotor
- ciliary muscle, sphincter pupillae, and all external eye muscles besides superior oblique and lateral rectus
- motor
64
CN IV aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- trochlear
- superior oblique muscle (eye)
- motor
65
CN V aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- trigeminal
- sensory: face, sinuses, teeth, orbit, oral cavity, dura mater
- motor: muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, etc
- both
66
CN VI aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- abducent
- lateral rectus muscle
- motor
67
CN VII aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- facial
- motor: muscles of facial expression, stapedius, posterior belly of the digastric, stylohyoid, occipitalis, auricularis muscles, submandibular and sublingual glands, lacrimal gland
- sensory: anterior 2/3 of the tongue for taste
- both
68
CN VIII aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- vestibulocochlear
- vestibule and cochlea
- sensory
69
CN IX aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
-glossopharyngeal
-taste: posterior 1/3 of tongue
-sensory: tonsil, pharynx, middle ear
-motor: stylopharyngeus,
(-parasympathetic: parotid gland)
-both
70
CN X aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- vagus
- motor: heart, lungs, palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, GI tract
- -palatoglossus
- -levator veli palatini
- sensory: heart, lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, external ear
- both
71
CN XI aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- accessory
- SCM, trapezius
- motor
72
CN XII aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?
- hypoglossal
- extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles except palatoglossus (vagus)
- motor
73
What muscle attaches to the TMJ?
the lateral pterygoid
74
What does the superior cavity of the TMJ allow for?
| The inferior?
- superior: gliding of the joint
| - inferior: hinging
75
What does the Atlanto-occipital joint allow for?
flexion (nod yes)
76
What does the Atlantoaxial joint allow for?
rotation (shake no)
77
Where does the anterior scalene attach?
Middle?
Posterior?
anterior- 1st rib
middle- 1st rib
posterior- 2nd rib
78
What lives in the tracheoesophageal grooves?
the recurrent laryngeal nerves
79
What veins traverse the scalp, skull, and enter the dural sinuses where blood drains off the brain?
emissary veins
80
In general terms, what are sulci?
| What are gyri?
- sulci are valleys
| - gyri are hills
81
In the meninges of the brain, what are the potential spaces?
| What is a true space?
- the epidural and subdural spaces
| - the subarachnoid space
82
What do the vertebral arteries give off?
| After that, what do they merge into?
- the PICA and AICA
| - basilar artery
83
What structures do parasympathetics travel with?
| Sympathetics?
- parasympathetics travel with cranial nerves
| - sympathetics travel with blood vessels
84
Describe the process of tasting.
Tastants are dissolved in secretions of serous glands in the crypts of papillae. Tastants interact with taste receptors, which open ion channels that lead to Ca-mediated release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. This results in stimulation of the gustatory nerve fibers.
85
What are the layers of the eye?
Outer: scleara, tough for support
Middle: choroid, ciliary body, and iris, the vascular and dark layer
Inner: retina
86
What is the junction between the cornea and the sclera called?
the limbus
87
What does the iris attach to?
the ciliary body
88
What is intraocular pressure maintained by?
the balance between secretion and absorption of aqueous humor
89
What do rods contain?
| What do cones contain?
- rods have rhodopsin
| - cones have iodopsin
90
Which structure's chromophores are vitamin A dependent and used for low light situations?
rods
91
What vision problem can a vitamin A deficiency cause?
night blindness, as A is important for rods
92
What area of the eye contains only rods?
the fovea
93
Where in the eye is light focused to?
the fovea
94
What does the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear contain?
mechanoreceptors for both movement and sound
95
Within which bone is the middle ear located?
the temporal bone
96
How does the middle ear communicate with the oropharynx?
via the eustachian tube
97
What fluid lives inside the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?
What fluid lives inside of the bony labyrinth?
- endolymph
| - perilymph
98
What makes up the vestibular labyrinth?
the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts
99
What do hair cells in the ampula/canal detect?
rotational or angular movement of the head
100
What do hair cells in the saccule and utricle detect?
linear acceleration and gravity
101
What do the stereocilia in the semicircular canals detect?
tilt of the head
102
What are the muscles of facial expression?
depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis, orbicularis oris, risorius, buccinator, zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, platysma, orbicularis oculi (orbital and palpebral parts), occipitalis, and frontalis
103
What are the muscles of facial expression innervated by ?
CN VII, the facial nerve
104
Where does the facial nerve emerge from the skull?
| Where does it travel after that?
- through the stylomastiod foramen
| - enters the parotid gland and emerges from its anterior border
105
Masseter:
Action?
Innervation?
- elevation and protrusion of the mandible
| - masseteric nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve from V3
106
Temporalis:
Action?
Innervation?
- elevation and retraction of the mandible
| - anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves, branches of the mandibular nerve from V3
107
Lateral Pterygoid:
Action?
Innervation?
- protrusion of the mandible, deviation of the mandible to the opposite side
- nerve to the lateral pterygoid, a branch of the mandibular nerve from V3
108
Medial Pterygoid:
Action:
Innervation:
- elevation of the mandible
| - nerve to the medial pterygoid, a branch of the mandibular nerve from V3
109
SCM:
Action?
Innervation?
- laterally flexes the head and neck, and rotates the head and neck to the opposite side
- accessory nerve
110
Sternohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?
- infrahyoid
| - ansa cervicalis
111
Omohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?
- infrahyoid
| - ansa cervicalis
112
Sternothyroid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?
- infrahyoid
| - ansa cervicalis
113
Thyrohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?
- infrahyoid
| - ansa cervicalis
114
Stylohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?
- suprahyoid
| - facial nerve, CN VII
115
Digastric:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?
- suprahyoid
- anterior belly: nerve to the mylohyoid, a branch of the mandibular division of V3
- posterior belly: facial nerve
116
Mylohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?
- suprahyoid
| - nerve to the mylohyoid, a branch of V3
117
Geniohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?
- suprahyoid
| - fibers from the ventral ramus of C1 that travel with the hypoglossal nerve
118
What are the deep neck muscles?
- anterior, middle, and posterior scalenes
- longus capitus
- longus colli
119
Which cranial nerve is technically not a nerve, but is an extension of the brain covered by meninges?
the optic nerve, CN II
120
What things innervate the auricle?
facial nerve, lesser occipital nerves and great auricular nerves (from the cervical plexus), vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, auriculotemporal nerve (from CN V)
121
What bone articulates with the oval window?
the stapes
122
What are the boundaries of the tympanic cavity?
Roof- tegmen tympani
Floor- jugular fossa, temporal bone
Anterior- tensor tympani and opening to the Eustachian tube
Posterior- opening to the mastoid space, pyramidal eminence (stapedius muscle), facial nerve canal
Medial- promontory with cochlea underneath, round window, oval window
Lateral- TM
123
Tensor tympani:
Function?
Innervation?
- dampens the TM in response to loud noise
| - nerve to the tensor tympani via V3
124
Stapedius:
Function?
Innervation?
- holds the stapes against the oval window to dampen sound in response to loud noise
- nerve to the stapedius via CN VII
125
What muscle elevates the eyelid?
levator palpebrae superioris
126
What muscles of the eye do not attach to the common tendinous ring?
not the levator palpebrae superioris, inferior oblique, and superior oblique
127
How do you test the muscles of eye movement?
```
from lateral to medial:
.........SR............ IO
..........^................ ^
LR MR
......... v................ v
......... IR .............SO
```
128
What are the nerves found in the orbit?
- CN II
- CN III
- CN IV
- CN V1 and its branches
- CN VI
- ciliary ganglion
129
What are most of the muscles of eye movement innervated by?
| What muscles are not?
-CN III
-lateral recuts by the abducent nerve (CN VI), superior oblique by the trochlear nerve (CN IV)
LR6, SO4, AO3
130
What are the 3 roots of the ciliary ganglion?
1. preganglionic parasympathetics from CN III
2. postganglionic sympthetics
3. sensory from the nasociliary nerve
131
What leaves the ciliary ganglion?
- parasympathetics (post) to the ciliary muscles and pupillary constrictor muscle
- sympathetics to the pupillary dilator muscle
- sensory to the eyeball
132
What do short ciliary nerves contain?
- sympathetics to the pupillary dilator muscle
| - sensory to the cornea and iris
133
What do long ciliary nerves contain?
#NAME?
134
Do long or short ciliary nerves skip the ciliary ganglion?
long ciliary nerves
135
What happens to the pupil in dim light?
Sympathetics are stimulated and cause the dilator pupillae muscle to contract and let more light in
136
What happens to the pupil in bright light?
Parasympathetics are stimulated and cause the sphincter pupillae muscles to constrict the pupil
137
What artery supplies the optic nerve?
| Where does it come from?
- the central artery of the retina
| - from the ophthalmic artery from the internal carotid
138
What are the major branches of the ophthalmic artery?
- the central artery of the retina, which goes to the optic nerve
- the supraorbital artery, which goes to the scalp
139
Describe the venous drainage of the orbit.
Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins connect with the facial veins on one side and the cavernous sinus on the other.
140
How is the lens suspended?
by zonular fibers to the ciliary body
141
Trace the path of aqueous humor.
Epithelia in the ciliary body makes the aqueous humor. It then flows from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, through the canal of Schlemm, and is absorbed by epi-scleral veins.
142
What nerve passes through the common tendinous ring?
CN II
143
What is the innervation of the muscles that move the eye?
Lateral rectus CN VI, superior oblique CN IV, all others by CN III
(LR6, SO4, AO3)
144
On which side of the eyeball is the blind spot?
| What is located there?
- the nasal side
| - the optic nerve
145
What is the periorbita?
a continuation of the periosteum that covers the walls of the orbit and protects the eyeball
146
What is the nerve supply to the TM?
- auriculotemporal nerve
- tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
- the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)
147
What is the early stage of ECM formation in bone called?
the osteoid
148
What do osteoblasts do?
Osteoclasts?
Osteocyte?
- osteoblasts: make osteoid
- osteoclasts: erode mineralized bone
- osteocyte: maintain the osteoid
149
What are the 2 layers of bone tissue?
- outer: cortical/compact bone
| - inner: trabecular/spongy bone
150
What is a Haversian canal?
| How do they communicate with each other?
the internal part of an osteon where nerves and blood vessels are located
-via Volkmann canals
151
How do osteocytes communicate with each other?
via canaliculi
152
What are the types of fetal bone development?
| Which way is the most common?
1. intramembranous- bone develops from primitive mesenchyme
| 2. enchondral ossification: cartilage placed first and later replaced by bone (most common)
153
What are the types of cartilage?
| Where are they found?
1. hyaline- most joints
2. elastic- ears
3. fibrocartilage- intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
154
How readily does cartilage regenerate?
| Why?
- not easily
| - limited mobility of chondrocytes and avascularity
155
What passes through the optic canal?
1. optic nerve
| 2. ophthalmic artery
156
What passes through the superior orbital fissure?
1. superior ophthalmic vein
2. CN III, oculomotor
3. CN IV, trochlear
4. branches of V1- lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, and nasociliary nerve
5. CN VI, abducent
157
What passes through the foramen rotundum?
V2, the maxillary nerve
158
What passes through the foramen ovale?
1. V3, the mandibular nerve
| 2. the lesser petrosal nerve
159
What passes through the foramen spinosum?
1. middle meningeal artery
| 2. meningeal branch of the the mandibular nerve, V3
160
What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
1. labyrinthine artery and vein
2. CN VIII, vestibulocochlear nerve
3. CN VII, facial nerve
161
What passes through the jugular foramen?
1. internal jugular vein
2. CN IX, glossopharyngeal
3. CN X, vagus nerve
4. CN XI, accessory nerve
5. inferior petrosal sinus
6. posterior meningeal artery
162
What passes through the foramen magnum?
1. spinal vein
2. anterior spinal artery
3. posterior spinal artery
4. spinal cord
5. CN XI, accessory nerve
6. vertebral artery
163
What passes through the mastoid foramen?
an emissary vein
164
What passes through the stylomastoid foramen?
1. CN VII, facial nerve
| 2. stylomastoid artery
165
What passes through the incisive canal?
nasopalatine nerve and artery
