week 13 Flashcards
What are some myths around mental illnesses? And what is true?
People with mental illness are violent and dangerous
More likely to be a victim
People with mental illness are poor or less intelligent
Most ppl with mental illness tend to be about avg, in intelligence
Mental illness is caused by a personal weakness
Not ture
Mental illness is a single, rare disorder
Not a single disease, many subcategories
How does Walter Cannon understand Fight or Flight?
Fight or flight response is a physiological response to an acute threat
How does Hans Selye explain “stress”? And what is General Adaptation Syndrome?
“Stress” is a non-specific physiological response to demand made on the organism
General Adaptation Syndrome; provides an outline of the htee difference stages in which an organism may go through when exposed to prolong periods of stress, 3 phases; alarm, resistance and exhaustion
Describe the 3 phases of genera l adaptation Syndrome.
alarm; heart rate and blood pressure rise, manage what the threat is
resistance ; maintain high level heart rate and blood pressure, survive
exhaustion; all resources are depleted
How does Richard Lazarus understand stress? And what is Transactional Model of Stress?
Stress is experienced when one perceives that demands outweigh resources
Transactional Model of Stress: three process; primary appraisal (appraise environment, is it a pos. or neg. situation? A threat?), secondary appraisal (how am i gonna cope with this situation?) third appraisal (is this working?)
How did Bure McEwen explain the biological parameters of managing a changing environment?
Allostatic Load is the wear and tear of the organism due to repeated allostasis
Allostatic Load Index: Neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, immune
What is the difference between acute and chronic stress? And Absolute and relative Stress?
Acute (good stress, to ensure survival, able to habituate to stressful situations) vs. Chronic Stress (unable to habituate)
Absolute(we would respond similarly e.g., car crash) vs. Relative Stress (singulalry responsing, e.g., neg. Self talk)
What is Chronic Stress associated with?
Cardiovascular disease Metabolic disorder Poor Sleep Depression Anxiety Cognitive impairment Accelerated biological aging
What was Schizophrenia originally called? and what was it orgnailly thought to be?
Originally called Dementia Praecox (Emile Kraepein, 1883).
Was Seen as cognitive deterioration
We know its not dementia now
Who coined the term Schizophrenia? and how did he explain it?
Schizophrenia “Split mind”, a split between the emotional and intellectual aspects of experience (Eugen Bleuler
Are the symptoms of Schizophrenia the same across all types of Schizophrenia? Are the symptoms immediate? Is the prevalence higher in men or women? And is it easy to diagnose?
Symptoms vary, depending on type of schizophrenia you have.
Symptom onset is gradual and insidious.
Prevalence higher in men than women (7: 5 ratio)
Difficult to diagnose – need for differential diagnosis
What are Positive Symptoms(should be absent) of Schizophrenia?
Disorganized speech
Disorganized behavior
Hallucinations
Delusions
What are Negative Symptoms: (expect to see but not shown) of Schizophrenia?
Flattened affect and /or anhedonia
Speech minimized
Lack of motivation
Social withdrawal
What are Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia?
Poor sustained attention
Low psychomotor speed /catatonia
Poor learning and memory
Poor abstract thinking and problem solving
What is Complex Syndrome in respect to Schizophrenia?
Psychosis
Emotional/Affective Symptoms
Motivational impairment
Cognitive impairment
Who is Louis Wain?
Around his 50s his paintings started to take this delirious turn when we started to show signs of Schizophrenia, paintings started to look less and less like cats
What are some Etiological Theories of Schizophrenia?
Genetic Theories
Twin studies
Adoption studies
Gene mutation
Neurodevelopment Hypotheses
Seasonal effects
Neurology of Schizophrenia
Dopamine & Glutamate Hypothesis
looking at chemical imbalance in brain
What does utero environment tell us about Schizophrenia?
Assuming that Schizophrenia plays a part in the utero environment b/c twins have the highest risk of developing Schizophrenia
Monozygotic twin with the same placenta(monochronic) vs. two different placentas (diachronic) has a higher association of risk of developing Schizophrenia
What happens in the Study (Tienari et al 2004)?
Finnish National Sample: Investigated adopted offspring of mothers with and without schizophrenia
Study Design: 21-year follow-up
Measured family environmental factors
Question: What is the contribution of family predisposition (genetic risk) vs. environment (adoptive rearing) on development of schizophrenia?
Study Results: Decreased risk of diagnosis in predisposed kids living on healthy environment vice versa for unhealthy environment
What is DISC1 protein important for?
DISC1 protein is important for neurodevelopment
What Animal studies show the mutations of DISC1 protein in people with Schizophrenia?
Animal studies:
Mutant mice with no DICS1 in brain stem cells show behaviors that mimic schizophrenia
Down regulation of DISC1 in dentate gyrus leads to schizo-typo behaviors
Transgenic mice expressing DISC1 mutation display enlarged lateral ventricles
What is Neuregulin 1 (NRG1 ) important for?
Neuregulin 1 protein important for neurodevelopment
What is the association study between Neuregulin 1 (NRG1 ) and Schizophrenia?
Association studies:
Icelandic population - gene doubles the risk of schizophrenia (Steffanson et al., 2002)
Extended to Scottish, Swedish and Chinese populations (Li, Collier He, 2006)
NRG1 also associated with creativity, independent of schizotypal traits (Kéri, 2019) Yayoi Kusama
What is a Recent popular hypothesis about Schizophrenia regarding genes?
Recent popular hypothesis: not just one gene, but new mutations in any one of hundreds of genes
Microdeletions and microduplications
Found in 15% schizophrenia patients; 20% if onset before 18 years. Compared to 5% in control group.
Not random, but selective for genes that are important for production of proteins involved in neurodevelopment and cognitive function
What is the Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis?
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis suggests abnormalities in the neonatal development of the nervous system leads to mild abnormalities of brain anatomy and major abnormalities in behavior
Abnormalities could result from genetics or other influences (e.g., intrauterine environment)
Environmental influences later in life aggravate the symptoms ?( eg.,high school or uni)
E.g., onset after stress
Risk of schizophrenia by population density (e.g., big vs small city)
more prevalent in high-density cities
What is Season-of-birth-effect onto schizophrenia?
Babies born in late winter and early spring months are at higher risk of “positive” schizophrenia
