Week 13: Muscoskeletal Anatomy

Question 1

What are the 2 bone locations?

Answer 1

Axial & appendicular

Question 2

Name the parts of the long bone from top to bottom?

Answer 2

proximal epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, distal epiphysis

Question 3

What is the central cavity called?

Answer 3

medullary cavity

Question 4

What are the 2 layers of bone?

Answer 4

compact bone

callceous bone

Question 5

What is the arrangement of compact bone?

Answer 5

osteons or haverasian systems

Question 6

Describe the features of the lamalae?

Answer 6

concentric bone layers

(the squares), between lamalla are tiny spaces called lacuna where osteocytes are contained

Question 7

Describe the features of the lacunae?

Answer 7

Between lamalae are tiny spaces known as lacunae, that contain the osteocyte

Question 8

Describe the features of the canaliculi?

Answer 8

are tiny canals that that are in contact with neighbouring osteocytes
enables nutrients and oxygen to pass from the central vessels in the Haverasian canal to the furthest away lamalla

Question 9

What is the haverasian canal?

Answer 9

at the centre of an osteon that contains blood vessels, oxygen & nerves

Question 10

What is the endostium?

Answer 10

Thin layer of vasualr connective tissue, surrounds the medullary canal

Question 11

What is the periostium?

Answer 11

dense vasuclar connective tissue

lines the external bone and allows for tendons to attach

Question 12

What are the steps in fracture repair?

Answer 12

fracture, haemotoma, cartilage, callus, bone remodelling

Question 13

Is bone living tissue?

Answer 13

YES, has the ability to heal

Question 14

What are the 4 components of the upper limb?

Answer 14

pectoral gridle, upper arm, lower arm, hand

Question 15

Components of the pectoral gridle?

Answer 15

• Scapula (plate below the collarbone),

- Clavicle (shoulder, collarbone)

Question 16

Components of the upper arm?

Answer 16

humerus

Question 17

Components of the lower are?

Answer 17

radius (left)

ulna (right)

Question 18

Components of the hand?

Answer 18

• Carpal bones, wrist area
• Metacarpal, lower finger
• Phalanges, upper finger (end)

Question 19

Components of the lower leg?

Answer 19

pelivic gridle,

thigh, leg, foot

Question 20

What are the components of the pelvic gridle?

Answer 20

pelvic bone

Question 21

What are the components of the thigh?

Answer 21

femur, more l_ shaped epiphysis and neck

Question 22

What are the components of the leg?

Answer 22

• Tibula (thicker on inside)

- Fibula (thinner on outside)

Question 23

What are the components of the foot?

Answer 23

• Ankle (tarsal bones)
• Metatarsal bones (long foot part)
• Phalanges (toes)

Question 24

Muscle definition?

Answer 24

classified according to shape and arrangement of their muscle fibres

Question 25

What is the components of a tendon?

Answer 25

belly and tendon

Question 26

What are the 5 types of muscle and tendon classification?

Answer 26

- Fusiform (tappers at both ends) - Flat sheet (attach muscle to muscle) - Unipennate (muscle fibres only found on one side) - Bipennate (muscle fibres found on either side) - Multipennate (searal tendons or origin)

Question 27

What are tendons and ligaments composed of?

Answer 27

dense connective tissue with high collagen content

Question 28

How do tendons create movement?

Answer 28

transfer force between muscle and bone

Question 29

Between what two structures are ligaments normally found?

Answer 29

bone and bone

Question 30

Features of ligaments?

Answer 30

generally stiff, inelastic structures that stabilise joints by limiting movement in specific directions

Question 31

What is a fibroblast?

Answer 31

cell that synthesises the extracellular matrix and collagen, produce structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals. stained pink, nuclei slightly darker

Question 32

What does the intermediate tendon in muscle look like?

Answer 32

collagenous wave-like structure of a tendon between muscle fibres

Question 33

What is the entheses?

Answer 33

tendon, ligament or joint capsule inserts into bone

Question 34

Components of ethesis?

Answer 34

Parallel collagen fibres Unmineralised fibrocartilage Mineralised fibrocartilage Cortical bone

Question 35

What type of hinge joint does the elbow have?

Answer 35

synovial hinge joint | only flex and extend

Question 36

Where are the ligaments located on the elbow hinge joint?

Answer 36

lateral and medial

Question 37

What ligaments does the knee joint have?

Answer 37

- medial & lateral collateral ligament | - posterior and anterior cruciate ligament

Question 38

Why does the knee joint need ligaments?

Answer 38

shape of the inferior end of the femur and the superior end of the tibia do not ‘fit’ particularly well together (i.e. low congruency)

Question 39

What is the ligamentum flavum?

Answer 39

ligament that wraps around the spinal cord, stabilise intervertebral joints of the back -very elastic

Question 40

What ligaments does the intervertebral joints have?

Answer 40

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Question 41

Why is the ligamentum flavum have such a high elastic content?

Answer 41

to prevent bulking into the spinal cord. | vertebral canal & intervertebral foramen

Question 42

What is abduction of shoulder joint?

Answer 42

moving arm up to head

Question 43

What is adduction of shoulder joint?

Answer 43

moving arm downwards

Question 44

What is lateral vs medial movement of the elbow joint?

Answer 44

- lateral move away from body | - medial move towards centre of body

Question 45

Why does lamellae need a blood supply?

Answer 45

Healthy bone requires a substantial blood flow to supply the requisite oxygen and nutrients, and to eliminate carbon dioxide, acid and other metabolic waste products.