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BMS200 final exam > week 14 > Flashcards

week 14 Flashcards

1
Q

ADHD onset and 2 symptms

A

< 12 years old

▪ Diminished sustained attention
▪ Increased impulsivity or hyperactivity

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2
Q

3 presentations of ADHD

A

▪ Predominantly inattentive presentation (6+ symptoms of inattention and a few of hyperactivity/impulsivity)

▪ Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation

▪ Combined presentation

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3
Q

kids vs adult ADHD diagnosis

A

adults only need 5 of the criteria not 6

in adults think they just masked it as kids

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4
Q

substance use disorder is a

A

Chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by
▪ Compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking disorders
▪ Loss of control over drug intake
▪ Negative affect when access to the drug is withheld

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5
Q

3 stages of addiction

A
  1. acute reinforcement and drug use (brain areas for motivation)

–>hijack reward system

  1. escalation of drug use/dependence (change brain areas in executive function and inhibitory control)

–>dorsal stratum forms habits (cues, goals)
–> impaire PFC

3.late stage- withdrawal/ incubation/ relapse (changes to reward network and executive function)

–> VTA (all stages)
–>relapse with PFC and nucleus accumbens
–> limbic (amygdala and hippocampus) = cue related and stress (CRH or cortisol)

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6
Q

key brain areas in substance abuse

A

VTA- dopamine
nucleus accubens- GABA and acetylcholine

amygdala, hippocampus, dorsal straitum, PFC

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7
Q

neuro in ADHD

A

inhibit motor, executive function, dorsal striatum thalamus

inhibit attention

inhibit timing and perception via parietal and cerebllum

reward anticipation- VTA

excessive activity of default mode network

D1 receptors and alpha adenoreceptors via stimulant medication

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8
Q

conjunctiva=

A

mucous over inner eye (palpebral) and anterior aspect of sclera (bulbar conjunctiva)

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9
Q

palpebrae

A

skin on outer, conjunctiva on inner

cilia on lid margin (eyelashes) with sebaceous glands (glands of Zeis and glands of moll)

orbicularis oculi and elevator palpebral muscles

tears via meibomian glands (sebaceous gland)

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10
Q

tear film consists of

A

tears, lipids, mucous

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11
Q

orbital septum

A

separates eyelid from orbit- barrier to infection

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12
Q

lacrimal glands innervation

A

CN VII and SNS

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13
Q

where do lacrimal glands drain

A

to lacrimal sac then inferior meatus

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14
Q

common bacterial and viral causes of conjunctivitis

A

▪ Bacterial
* Staph aureus, s. pneumonia

[[[-, H. influenzae, M.
catarrhalis
- Chlamydial and gonococcal]]]]]

▪ Viral (usually adenovirus)

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15
Q

is viral or bacterial conjunctivitis more common

A

viral

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16
Q

are viral and bacterial conjunctivitis self limiting

A

yes

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17
Q

bacterial vs viral conjunctivitis

A

▪ Bacterial conjunctivitis tends to have more purulent discharge and last for less time than a viral conjunctivitis

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18
Q

gornnorheal and chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

treat urgently bc can scar and ulcer the cornea

trachoma (ulcer, abrasion, scar cornea and conjunctiva) –> blindness (chlamydia)

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19
Q

blepharitis

A

inflamed eyelid

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20
Q

cause of blepharitis (inflamed eyelid)

A

hordeolum (stye)

seborrheic dermatitis

drugs, allergy

sjogren syndrome (autoimmune)

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21
Q

what causes a stye (hordeolum)

A

staph aureus

infects sebaceous or suderiferous gland

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22
Q

chalazion

A

granulomatous inflammation of the eye

via lipid products breakdown of bacteria or block sebaceous glands

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23
Q

keratitis

A

HSV 1 or HSV2 cause corneal damage –> ulceration

after HSV “resolution”, lives latent in trgieminal ganglion and is reactivated (ie. stress, sun, hormones)

HSV3 (herpes) causes dermatitis of CN V1 dermatome (Hutchinson’s sign if tip of nose involved)

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24
Q

lateral inhibition of the retina

A

helps to enhance the contrast between light and dark and able to do fine discrimination of edges and patterns

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25
rod bipolar cells vs cone bipolar cells
rod- scotopic (low light) and have on centers cone- photooptic (bright/colour) and have on centre and off centers
26
on center
activated when light hits the center of their receptive field, and the center is brighter than the surround.
27
which has on and off center in bipolar cells
rod= on cone= on and off oppositional regulation: on and off have opposite response to same stimuli to help contrast and edge detect --> visual acuity one is inhibited while other stimulate
28
what needs to be regenerated in the dark after activation so cell can respond again
rhodopsin (in rods)
29
how to regenerate rodopsin
trans retinal seperates from opsin (GPCR) opsin is bleached and inactive trans retina goes back to cis retinal ( in pigment layer) cis retinal combines with opsin ready to respond to light again
30
in dark pupils vs light
dilate in dark constrict in light
31
rods in the light are
bleached / saturated - cant respond to light
32
bipolar cells are for
patterns of light at retina (on and off center)
33
horizontal cells in retina for
sharpening contrast
34
amacrine cells in retina for
detecting changes in vision (i.e. movement, light on/offf)
35
graded vs action potential in visual processing
photoreceptor (graded receptor potential) --> bipolar cell --> ganglion cell (action potential) --> brain more light intensity = more AP
36
optic nerve is formed by axons of ____,. it also forms the _______---
formed by ganglion cell axons creates optic disc (blindspot)
37
optic tract forms when
optic nerve fibers cross over at optic chiasm
38
where does optic tract synapse and optic radiations synapse in
thalamus visual cortex
39
scotoma
area with vision loss in an otherwise normal visual field
40
brain areas involved in vision
primary visual cortex (registers shape and colour of stove) secondary visual cortex (recongize shape and colour of stove) primary somatosensory cortex (registers finger is hot) secondary somatosensory cortex (recognize how hot) Pareto-occipito-temporal association cortex (combine visual and tactile info)
41
amyblyopia
lazy eye
42
lesion in primary visual cortex can cause
cortical blindness
43
lesions in secondary visual cortex can cause
movement agnosia (i.e. movement not noted) visual agnosia (i.e. cant copy drawings, or identify common objects) colour agnosia (i.e. grey scale)
44
medial rectus lateral rectus inferior rectus superior rectus inferior oblique superior oblique levator palpeerde superioris ciliary muscle pupillary sphincter
medial rectus: adduct eye (to nose) lateral rectus: abduct eye (to ears) inferior rectus: down, extorsion superior rectus: up, intorsion inferior oblique: elevate and abduct superior oblique: down and abduct levator palpebrae superioris: elevate upper eyelid ciliary muscle: contract; increase lens convexity (accomodation- near vision) pupillary sphincter: miosis; pupillary constriction
45
where are the cranial nerves located
I - olfactory bulb II- retina III and IV- midbrain (3+4) V- midbrain, pons and medulla VI, VII, VIII- pons (6-8) IX, X, XI, XII- medulla (9-12)
46
what is the somatic and visceral motor neurons of ocultomotor CN III
somatic motor- oculomotor motor nucleus visceral motor- dinger westphal nucleus (EDW)
47
Oculomotor motor nucleus in CN III for what eye movements
all eye movements/ muscles except superior oblique (down and abduct) lateral rectus (abduct)
48
dinger westphal nucleus (EDW) of CN III for what innervations
PNS -pupillary spincter (miosis) -cillary muscle (accomodation- near visioN)
49
if the oculomotor motor nucleus (somatic) of CN III had external opthalamoplegia (weak eye muscles) what would happen
eye would be down and abducted
50
if visceral (EDW) of CN III was damaged what would it cause
lose accomodation pupil dilate (Mydriasis)
51
accomodation reflex via which CN
I and III
52
in the accomodation reflex (close object) which muscle and CN III nucleus is used
convergence of eyes (adduct) via medial rectus and motor nucleu increased convexity of lens via ciliary muscle snd EDW constrict pupils via sphincter pupillae and EDW
53
pupillary reflex (CNI and CNIII) light in one eye causes constriction of both pupils`
CNIII EDW nucleus
54
pupillary reflex (CN III EDW) in which area of midbrain
pretectal area the accomodation reflex is not in this area
55
CN IV trochlear nerve innervates which muscle
contralateral superior oblique muscle (eye down and abduct + intorsion) PS the CN III innervated the inferior oblique muscle for extorsion
56
why is intorsion and intorsion important
when move head helps maintain visual stability
57
diplopia (double vision) if
CN IV damaged and cant do intorsion... then extoersion dominates
58
muscle and CN
CN III all except the following CN IV - superior oblique (abduct and down) CN VI- lateral rectus (abduct)
59
which muscle does CN VI innervate
lateral rectus (abduction)
60
how are CN III, VI, and VI connected
by a tract ▪ = Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)
61
vestibulo-ocular reflex via
CN III, IV, VI to stabilize gaze during head mvoemnts Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) tract helps
62
if want to look to left which muscles are used
Left eye use lateral rectus (VI) (abduct) right eye use medial rectus (CN III) (adduct) if damaged can cause diplopia
63
cataracts
opacity of the lens
64
type of cataract
cortical (spoke like) nuclear sclerosis (yellow brown) posterior subscapsular
65
most common cataracts
nuclear sclerosis and usually from aging
66
cataracts symptoms
vision get worse but can become more myopic (near sighted)
67
uveitis types
inflammation of choroid layer iris (iriditis) iris + ciliary body (iridocyclitis) posterior compartment (posterior uveitis)
68
most common type of uveitis
anterior uveitis (anterior chamber) (includes Iritis/iridocyclitis/anterior cyclitis)
69
what can cause anterior uveitis
IBD, lupus, aids, herpees , idiopathic
70
glaucoma
elevated intraocular pressure optic nerve damage impaired drainage of aqeuous humour leading cause of blindness
71
2 types of glaucoma
1. open angle: aqueous humor accesses trabecular meshwork and increases pressure via resistance of outflow of aqueous humour (block trabecular meshwork) 2. closed angle: iris adheres to trabecular meshwork and physically impedes aquesous drainage (close angle btw iris and cornea)
72
most common glaucoma
primary open angle
73
what is secondary angle closure glaucoma associated with
diabetes
74
retinal detachment
Separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium full thickness tear (rhegmatogenous)- most common (vitreous humor seeps under retina) (fluid accumulate under retina) no break (non-rhegmatogenous):
75
retinal vascular disease- diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia effect lens (cataracts, glaucoma from neovascuarization) and rentina too 2 types ▪ Background (preproliferative) diabetic retinopathy ▪ Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
76
▪ Background (preproliferative) diabetic retinopathy ▪ Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
▪ Background (preproliferative) diabetic retinopathy --> microvascular changes but no neovascularization ▪ Proliferative diabetic retinopathy --> from neovascualrization
77
cotton wool spots
buildup of axoplasmic debris in retinal nerve fiber layer form cystoid bodies (mitochondria accumulate in damaged axons)
78
macular degeneration
macula for central vision and fine details early stages: drusen (lesions beneath retina)
79
macular degeneration types
atrophic (dry) or exudative (wet) dry- slow (infalm, drusen) wet-rapid, develop neovascular membrane with disordered blood vessels, can leak

BMS200 final exam (14 decks)

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