week 3

Question 1

magnocellular vs parvocellular neurons

Answer 1

magnocellular (in PVN and SON): oxytocin, vasopression

parvocellular: CRH, TRH, GHRH, GHIH, DA, GnRH/LHRH, PRH
** IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 2

posterior vs anterior pituatiary

Answer 2

posterior: oxytocin, vasopressin

anterior: ACTH, TSH, FSH/LH , GH , PrL

Question 3

most loops are negative feedback but 1 is postiive

Answer 3

oxytocin

Question 4

GH made from

and stimulates release of what

Answer 4

somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary

insulin like growth factor IGF1

stimulated by hypoglucemia, dopamine, arginine, GHRH(hypothalamus) and grhelin

Question 5

GH is inhibited by

Answer 5

somatostatin/ GHIH
i.e. hyperglycemia

and IFG-1

Question 6

GH receptor

Answer 6

class 1 cytokine receptor

Question 7

GH for

Answer 7

bone growth longitudinal

acromegaly (also cancer, GNG and insulin resistance, vision if tumor big, cardio)

and

gigantism (before puberty and epiphyseal long bone fuse)

Question 8

prolactin is made from

Answer 8

lactotrophs

make milk and mammary gland

Question 9

stimulate prolactin

Answer 9

suckling and estrogen GnRH, serotonin, oxytocin

Question 10

inhibit prolactin

Answer 10

dopamine, somatostatin, GABA

Question 11

4 types of hormon

Answer 11

glucocorticoids (cortisol) (blood sugar and stress)

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) - (water salt balance)

catecholamines (NE and E)

Question 12

which part of adrenal glands for the hormoens

Answer 12

cortex= cortisol and aldosterone

medulla- NE And E

Question 13

adrenal medulla is made freom vs adrenal cortex

Answer 13

medulla (NE and E) neural crest cells (“SNS”)

cortex (cortisol and aldosterone) is mesoderm

Question 14

adnrenal medulla hormone and PNS or SNS

Answer 14

SNS and NE and E

Question 15

hormones in adrenal cortex and what its derived freom

Answer 15

mesoderm

zona glomerulosa- aldosterone

zona fasiculata- cortisol

zona reticularis- androgens

Question 16

adrenal medulla vs adnreal cortex derived

Answer 16

medulla- neural crest cells (SNS)

cortex- medulla

Question 17

HPA axis

Answer 17

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary to target gland

i.e. hypothalamus has TRH to AP has TSH to target T3 T3 in thyroid

Question 18

what in the anterior pituitary to make cortisol

Answer 18

CRH (hypthal) –> ACTH (AP)

Question 19

mineralcortioicd regulated by

Answer 19

• Secretion of angiotensin II
• Serum K+ levels

Question 20

steroid hormones (cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone) are made from

Answer 20

cholesterol (then enzymes to convert to homrone)

made on demand bc lipid soluble (hydrophobic) can cross cell membrane via simple diffusion

Question 21

how to get cholesterol

Answer 21

from LDL then use * Cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) removes the fatty acid

Question 22

in the inner mitochondrial membrane what helps to get cholesterol in

Answer 22

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)

Question 23

what does cholesterol turn into in inner mitochondrial memrbane

Answer 23

pregnenlone

Question 24

bow to get pregnenolone to become cortsiol

Answer 24

lots of rxn via : side-chain cleavage enzyme (SCC)
* This is the rate limiting step of the synthesis pathway

Question 25

steps of make cortsiol

Answer 25

LdL to cholesterol with cholesterol ester hydorlase (CEH) then into inner mitochondria membrane via STAR then become pregnenolone : side-chain cleavage enzyme (SCC) to turn into cortisol * This is the rate limiting step of the synthesis pathway

Question 26

ACTH upregulates cortisol production (steroidogensis)

Answer 26

▪ Increased LDL receptor expression ▪ Increased activity of CEH and StAR ▪ Increased activity of the side chain cleavage enzymes

Question 27

CRH and ACTH regulation

Answer 27

via circadian and SCN and melatonin and stress

Question 28

synthesis of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 28

same as cortisol but when gets to corticosterone use aldosterone synthase enzyme to convert to aldosterone this is done in zona glomerulosa unlike cortisol in zona fasciulata

Question 29

RAAS system regulates aldosterone

Answer 29

decreased perfusion to kidney the release renin then ANGIO II to vasoconstrict and make aldosterone and absorption Na+ and secrete. K+

Question 30

aldosterone

Answer 30

▪ Decreased potassium reabsorption from the GI tract ▪ Increased activity of the sodium/potassium pump in many cells ▪ Increased sodium reabsorption and increased potassium secretion from the kidney

Question 31

how is cortisol carried in circulation

Answer 31

cortsiol via cortisol binding protein aldosterone is unbound

Question 32

what needs to happen to cortsiol and aldosterone by the liver before being excreted by the kidneys

Answer 32

glucuronidation makes the hydrophobic steroid hormones more polar & therefore more easily excreted by the kidney * Eliminated forms of cortisol are known as 17-hydroxycorticosteroids * Aldosterone as 18-glucuronide

Question 33

catecholamine (NE and E) are made form

Answer 33

tyrosine --> DOPA --> dopamine --> NE--> E

Question 34

how does cortsiol convert NE to E sympathetic stimulation

Answer 34

PMNT enzyme

Question 35

catabolism of catecholimees

Answer 35

NE --> noremetaneprhine E --> metanephrine via COMT then via MAO into vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) excrete in urine

Question 36

tertiary secondary and primary endocrine disroder

Answer 36

territory at hypothalamus secondary at pituaitary primary at final organ

Question 37

cushings syndrome and most common cause

Answer 37

hypercortisol (mostly from iatreogenic/ meds)

Question 38

Cushing disease

Answer 38

ACTH procucing microadenoma secondary - high cortisol

Question 39

adrenal labs

Answer 39

dexametahaone syppresion test

Question 40

Addisons vs cushings

Answer 40

cushing- too much cortsiol form secondary addisons- primary adrenal insufficiency

Question 41

addison

Answer 41

Chronic primary Adrenal Insufficiency not enough cortsiol, aldosterone and androgen

Question 42

primary hyperaldosteronism/ conn syndrome

Answer 42

* Causes sodium retention and potassium excretion * Resulting in hypertension and hypokalemia

Question 43

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 43

cant make cortisol Most common enzyme deficiency: 21-Hydroxylase accumulate progesterone --> ambiguous genatlia

Question 44

chromaffin cells in adnreal medulla for

Answer 44

NE and E (catecholameins)