Week 16 Flashcards
(79 cards)
Intelligence
An individual’s cognitive capability. This includes the ability to acquire, process, recall, and apply information
Intellectual ability
the ability to learn, remember, and use new information, to solve problems and to adapt to novel situations
Charles Spearman
Proposed the idea that intelligence was one thing, a “general factor” sometimes known as simply “g”. Based this conclusion on the observation that people who perform well in one intellectual area such as verbal ability also tend to perform well in other areas such as logic and reasoning
“g”
short for general factor and is often used to be synonymous with intelligence itself
Francis Galton
Interested in intelligence, which he thought was heritable in much the same way that height and eye colour are. Carefully tracked the family tree of top-scoring Cambridge students over the past 40 years. Found that intellectual achievement could still be the product of economic status, family culture, or other non-genetic factors. Established intelligence as a variable that could be measured
Alfred Binet
Interested in the development of intelligence, a fascination that led him to observe children carefully in the classroom setting. Created a test of children’s intellectual capacity and created individual test items that should be answered by children of various ages
According to Binet, what should a child who is three be capable of
Point to their mouth and eyes
According to Binet, a child who is nine should be capable of
Name the months of the year in order
According to Binet, a child who is 12 should be capable of
Name sixty words in three minutes
IQ
Short for intelligence quotient. This is a score, typically obtained from a widely used measure of intelligence, that is meant to rank a person’s intellectual ability against that of others
Standardized
Assessments that are given in the exact same manner to all people. With regards to intelligence tests, standardized scores are individual scores that are computed to be referenced against normative scores for a population
Lewis Terman
Adapted the Binet-Simon test to create what is, perhaps the most famous intelligence test in the world, the Stanford-Binet. This test was standardized. Based on a large sample of children he was able to plot the scores in a normal distribution, shaped like a “bell curve”.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Provides clues to a definition of intelligence itself. David Wechsler sought to create a superior measure of intelligence. Created a test that tapped a wide range of intellectual abilities. Assesses people’s ability to remember, compute, understand language, reason well, and process information quickly
What is the average IQ score
100
Normed
Assessments are given to a representative sample of the population to determine the range of scores for that population. These “norms” are then used to determine the range of scores in which he or she is compared to the population
Caroll’s intelligence divided into 3 levels
Levels or strata descend from the most abstract down to the most specific. Highest level (stratum III) the general intelligence factor “g”. Under this were more specific stratum II categories. Each of these can be subdivided into very specific components
Howard Gardner
Known for championing the notion that there are different types of intelligence. His theory is appropriately called “multiple intelligences”. His theory is based on the idea that people process information through different “channels” and these are relatively independent of one another
Gardner’s 8 common intelligences
Logic-math, visual-spatial, music rhythm, verbal linguistic, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
Emotional intelligence
Emphasizes the experience and expression of emotion. Similar to more traditional notions of cognitive intelligence with regards to workplace benefits
What do researchers argue about emotional intelligence
Some argue that emotional intelligence is a set of skills in which an individual can accurately understand the emotions of others, can identify and label their own emotions, and can use emotions. Other researchers believe that emotional intelligence is a mixture of abilities, such as stress management, and personality, such as a person’s predisposition for certain moods
why is the way an individual thinks about their intelligence important
It predicts importance. Carol Dweck discovered that it is not gender or social class that sets apart the high and low performers. Instead, it is their mindset. Children who believe that their abilities in general and their intelligence is a fixed trait tend to underperform. Kids who believe that intelligence is changeable and evolving tend to handle failure better and perform better
How can the phenomenon of why women are underrepresented in certain fields be explained
It might be the result of inequalities in the educational system, it might be due to the differences in socialization wherein young girls are encouraged to develop other interests. It might be the result of that women are-on average-responsible for a larger portion of child care obligations and therefore make different types of professional decisions, or it might be due to innate differences between these groups
What did Halpern find about women in terms of specific aspects of cognitive abilities
Women appear, on average, superior to men on measures of fine motor skills, acquired knowledge, reading comprehension, decoding non-verbal expression, and generally have higher grades in school.
What did Halpern find about men in terms of specific aspects of cognitive abilities
Men appear on average, superior to women on measures of fluid reasoning related to math and science, perceptual tasks that involve moving objects, and tasks that require transformations in working memory as mental rotations of physical spaces. Men are disproportional represented on the low end of cognitive functioning including intellectual disability, dyslexia, and attention deficit disorders
