Week 2

Question 1

4 types of specialized CT

Answer 1

Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Lymphatics

Question 2

Function of cartilage

Answer 2

Provides structural support and a sliding area for joints

Question 3

Composition of cartilage

Answer 3

. 70-75% water
. 15-20% collagen
. 2-10% proteoglycans

Question 4

What cell makes cartilage

Answer 4

Chondroblasts

Question 5

three types of cartilage

Answer 5

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

Question 6

Location of hyaline cartilage

Answer 6

Nose
Trachea
Ribs
Bronchi
Fetal skeleton
Larynx
Long bones

Question 7

Function of cartilage

Answer 7

Cushions, smooth low surface friction for joints

Question 8

What is osteoarthritis

Answer 8

Break down of cartilage

Question 9

Composition of fibrocartilage

Answer 9

Dense regular connective tissue and cartilage

Question 10

Location of fibrocartilage

Answer 10

Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral discs
Menisci of knee

Question 11

Function of fibrocartilage

Answer 11

Resist deformation under stress

Question 12

Composition of elastic cartilage

Answer 12

Hyaline cartilage + elastic fibres

Question 13

Location of elastic fibres

Answer 13

External ear
External auditory canal
Epiglottis

Question 14

Function of elastic fibres

Answer 14

Support with flexibility

Question 15

Explain the 2 ways cartilage grows

Answer 15

1. Appostional: chondroblasts secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
2. Interstitial: chondrocytes divide and secret new matrix expanding the cartilage from within

Question 16

Function of bone

Answer 16

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Mechanical support
Protection
Acid base balance
Blood formation
Storage
Move,ent

Question 17

What is bone tissue composed of

Answer 17

Cells:
Osteopenia
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Matrix:
Organic components

Question 18

Function of osteopenia cells

Answer 18

Unspecialsed stem cells developed from mesenchyme

Question 19

Function of osteoblast

Answer 19

Synthesizes matrix

Question 20

Function of osteocytes

Answer 20

Maintain bone matrix

Question 21

Function of osteoclast

Answer 21

Resorption

Question 22

Explain the two types of how bone is formed

Answer 22

intramembranous:
Begins in gestation when mesenchymal cells aggregate at sites of richly vascular connective tissue and differentiate into osteoblast.
Endochondral ossification: occurs in preexisting hyaline cartilage. Here mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and the fetal skeleton acts like a cartilage template

Question 23

Location of intramembranous ossification

Answer 23

Flat bones of skull
Mandible
Clavicles

Question 24

Features of Skeletal muscle

Answer 24

• Long
• Cylindrical
• Multinucleated
  o Peripherally located nuclei
• Dimensions:
  o Diameter from 10 to 100 μm
  o Lengths up to 30 cm

Question 25

How are skeletal muscles developed

Answer 25

* Derived from mesenchymal cells * Differentiation of mesenchymal cells into myoblasts * Fusion of myoblasts together to form myotubes * Synthesis of myofilaments and appearance of striations * Displacement of the nuclei against the sarcolemma due to the formation of functional myofilaments Some myoblasts remain undifferentiated to form satellite cells o Acting as stem cells and form new muscle fibers following injury

Question 26

what does a muscle spindle contain

Answer 26

1. stretch receptors 2. intrafusal muscle fibres 3. capsule

Question 27

structure of muscle spindles

Answer 27

Encapsulated by modified perimysium, with concentric layers of flattened cells

Question 28

function of Golgi tendon organs

Answer 28

Detect changes in tension within tendons produced by muscle contraction

Question 29

what junctional complexes are present in cardiac cells

Answer 29

o Transverse regions: - desmosomes and fascia adherens junctions o Longitudinally oriented regions: - gap junctions; Serve as electrical synapses

Question 30

smooth muscles are a major component of what organs?

Answer 30

blood vessels digestive respiratory urinary reproductive tracts