Week 2

Question 1

Types of Asexual Reproduction

Answer 1

• Binary fission
• Fragmentation
• Budding
• Parthenogenesis
• Sporulation

Question 2

Binary Fission

Answer 2

• parent cell splits into two identical
  daughter cells of the same size.
• Some unicellular eukaryotic
  organisms undergo binary fission by
  mitosis
• Examples, Amoeba, Euglena, and
  Paramecium

Question 3

Fragmentation

Answer 3

• a parent organism breaks into fragments, or
  pieces, and develops into a new organism. E.g., Starfish
  -There is a noticeable difference in the
  size of the individuals, whereas in
  fission, individuals of approximately the
  the same size are formed

Question 4

Budding

Answer 4

a parent cell forms a bubble-like bud. The bud stays attached to the parent cell while it grows and develops. When the bud is fully developed, it breaks away from the parent cell and forms a new organism. E.g.,
Hydra, corals, Yeast

Question 5

Partheonogenesis

Answer 5

offspring develops from the egg or female gamete without prior fertilization
from the male gamete. Occurs in invertebrates such as flees and wasps. May be facultative or obligate.
* A facultative parthenogenesis is one in which the female reproduce either
sexually or asexually. E.g., Mayflies
* Obligate parthenogenesis is one in which the organism reproduce only by
asexual means. E.g., some species of lizards

Question 6

Sporulation

Answer 6

Sporulation is the act or process of forming spores; spore formation.
* Spores are the reproductive elements of organisms, such as protozoa, fungi,
and cryptogamic plants. Cryptogamic plants are plants that reproduces by
spores, without flowers or seeds

Question 7

Vegetative propagation

Answer 7

A method of plant breeding/reproduction not through pollination or
via seeds or spores but by way of separating new plant individuals that
emerge from vegetative parts, such as specialized stems, leaves and roots
and allow them to take root and grow.
* Vegetative organs are the non-reproductive parts of the plant which may
include roots, stems, and leaves.

Question 8

Bulb

Answer 8

A modified stem that is the resting stage of certain seed plants,
particularly perennial monocotyledons.
* Most of the bulb consists of thick, fleshy, modified leaves. Some
bulbs have outer modified leaves, which are dry and paper thin,
while others do not.
* Bulbs contain food reserves to enable the plant to survive adverse
conditions.
E.g., Onions, garlic, lilies

Question 9

Corms

Answer 9

Are enlarged bulb-like underground stems. They store nutrients in fleshy, solid stem tissue externally surrounded by papery leaves.
corms contain
solid tissue internally and bulbs have only layers of leaves.
* Corms produce adventitious roots and possess buds that develop into
new plant shoots.
Examples are crocus and taro

Question 10

Tuberous Roots and Shoots

Answer 10

• A root is a thickened underground structure
  containing stored food the main, descending root of a plant has a single, dominant main stem. E.g., carrots and beets
• A tuberous shoot is an enlarged stem
  tissue. E.g., Sweet potato

Question 11

Stolon/Runners

Answer 11

• Stolons are horizontal stems which grow at
  the soil surface or just below surface of the
  soil. They form new plants at the ends or at
  the nodes.
• Originate from existing stems
  E.g., Strawberry plants, mint plants and some
  types of grasses

Question 12

Rhizome

Answer 12

• Rhizomes are horizontal
  underground plant stem capable of
  producing the shoot and root systems of a
  new plant.
• rhizomes are the actual stem modified
  whereas stolons originate from existing
  stems.
• Rhizomes are used to
  store starches and proteins and enable plants
  to perennate (survive an annual unfavourable
  season) underground.
  E.g., ginger, turmeric

Question 13

Sucker

Answer 13

A shoot from the roots or lower part of the stem of a plant; so called,
perhaps, from diverting nourishment from the body of the plant.
E.g., Banana plants